It's commonplace for gardeners in the Ohio Valley region and Central gardening states to see or hear birds while they’re working in the garden. Several species of Midwest birds like robins, blue jays and cardinals are easy to identify. Others may be more difficult. Read on to learn how to spot them all.

Common Central US Birds

For those curious about these backyard visitors, here is a breakdown of the most populous birds in this region.

Blackbirds

Many members of the Icteridae family are found throughout the Ohio Valley region. Although most species of blackbirds have dark plumage, some like the orange and black Baltimore oriole are brightly colored. This family also includes the red-winged blackbird, European starling, common grackle, brown-headed cowbird and eastern meadowlark.

Ducks and Geese

If you live near a lake, pond or creek, you're likely to find these web footed species crossing the lawn. Mallard ducks and Canada geese are the most visible. Other common water-loving birds you might spot include the American coot, sandhill crane and trumpeter swan.

Finches

These small colorful songbirds have short, conical beaks and the males are more brightly colored than the females. Of the 17 native species in the US, the brilliant yellow plumage of the American Goldfinch makes it one of the most easily identifiable birds in the Midwest. Other species you might spot include the House Finch and Purple Finch.

Gulls

Midwesterners may live miles from the nearest ocean, but spotting flocks of ring-billed seagulls in parking lots is a common sight. These scavengers love the trash that shoppers leave behind. If you live near one of the Great Lakes, you might also catch sight of an American herring gull.

Owls

Although several species of these nocturnal raptors are found throughout the Ohio Valley region, gardeners are more likely to hear owls in the evening than spot them during the day. Species to listen for include barn owls, great horned owls and screech owls.

Raptors

Gardeners are most likely to see raptors soaring overhead on warm, sunny afternoons. These predatory birds have keen eyesight and hooked bills for hunting and sharp talons for holding onto prey. In the Midwest popular species include red-tailed hawks, Cooper's hawks and turkey vultures.

Sparrows

Song sparrows top the list of small birds native to Ohio Valley regions. Like most sparrow species, these vibrant singers have variations of brown, cream and light gray plumage. Other species you will likely spot hopping around the garden include the white-throated sparrow and the American tree sparrow. Although quite common, the house sparrow is a non-native species.

Warblers

Primarily a migratory species, several of these songbirds call the Central states home during the summer. The chestnut-streaked, lemon-yellow plumage of the American yellow warbler is a common sight throughout the region. Other popular species include the blackburnian warbler, cerulean warbler and the magnolia warbler.

Woodpeckers

The distinctive tap-tap-tap of these insect-seeking birds creates the perfect background rhythm for gardening. Follow the sound and Midwest gardeners will likely spot a downy woodpecker, hairy woodpecker or red-bellied woodpecker. These species all bear black and white striped plumage on their wings with differing amounts of red on their heads.

Wrens

Most gardeners welcome these insect-seeking birds in Ohio Valley backyards. Wrens search for food at ground-level and often consume common garden pests such as flies, moths, caterpillars, grasshoppers, mosquitoes and snails. The Carolina wren is among the most popular species in the Midwest, but spotting this reddish-brown bird may be difficult as they are notoriously shy.

Many non-native species of plants were originally introduced as beautiful ornamentals for residential and commercial landscaping throughout Central gardening states. While many species are well behaved, some escaped into natural areas. Invasive plants in Illinois and other Ohio Valley states have damaged the ecosystem by crowding out native species and reducing biodiversity.

Invasive Trees in the Ohio Valley

Invasive species of trees don't provide the same food and shelter as native species. For instance, wild Bradford pear trees (Pyrus calleryana) don't host caterpillars, which many species of birds use to feed their young. When these trees overtake an area, bird populations can decline. This loss of biodiversity continues as it affects other species up the food chain.

Here are three more trees listed as invasive species in West Virginia and other Ohio Valley states:

• Norway maple (Acer platanoides)
• Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• Princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa)

Invasive Shrubs in the Central Garden Region

Invasive shrubs often grow faster and are more competitive than native plants. These create monocultures which block the sunlight for other species. One example is the Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata). This invasive species can grow 6 feet (2 m) in a year and quickly reach a mature height and width of 15 feet (5 m). Autumn Olives spread by producing an abundance of fruit and are difficult to eradicate once established.

There are a number of shrubs considered highly invasive plants in Tennessee and the Ohio Valley region. Here are a few to avoid:

• Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
• Burning bush (Euonymus alatus)
• Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense)
• Wine raspberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)
• Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)

Invasive Flowers in Midwest Gardens

Once planted for their beautiful blooms, some species of ornamental flowers have escaped garden borders and invaded meadows, waterways, and roadsides. As an example, Dame's Rocket (Hesperis matronalis) was introduced in the 1600s and has naturalized across many Midwest states. Easily confused with Garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata), gardeners might mistakenly believe Dame's Rocket is a native species.

In the Midwest, there are several invasive flowering species which have overtaken natural areas and can also be mistaken for native plants:

• Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)
• Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus)
• Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)
• Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
• Yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus)

Vining Invasive Plants in Indiana and Central States

Labeled as invasive in many states, English ivy (Hedera helix) was brought to the U.S. by colonists and is a popular groundcover throughout the Midwest. Unfortunately, this vining plant is difficult to control and has readily naturalized in both open and wooded areas.

Due to the way they grow, it can be particularly difficult to prevent some types of vining plants and groundcovers from spreading into unwanted areas. Here are a few that become problematic in the Ohio Valley region:

• Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis)
• Crown vetch (Coronilla varia)
• Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
• Sweet autumn clematis (Clematis terniflora)
• Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei)

Grasses Labeled as Midwest and Ohio Invasive Plants

Ornamental grasses add color, texture, and vertical appeal to landscaped beds, but some species are quite adaptive to the Ohio Valley climate. For example, Chinese maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis) was introduced in the U.S. in the late 1800s and became one of the most popular types of ornamental grass. Spread by both windblown seeds and underground rhizomes, this species has naturalized in several states.

Other grass species were introduced as turf grass or pasture fodder for livestock, such as tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus). Brought to the U.S. in the early 1800s, this species has spread to many areas outside of pastures and lawns. Like the following invasive species, tall fescue competes with and crowds out native plants.

• Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense)
• Lyme grass (Leymus arenarius)
• Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea)

When choosing plants for home landscaping, gardeners are encouraged to substitute native species for potentially invasive ones. Native plants are better adapted to the local climate and require less care than introduced ornamental species.

What are the best fruit trees in Ohio Valley gardens? If you're thinking about adding a small orchard to the backyard, you may have visions of harvesting bushels of fruit from your trees. Before you get too caught up in the dream, realize that growing your own fruit requires a multi-year commitment with careful attention to the selection of both the type and varieties of fruit you wish to grow.

Growing Fruit Trees in Illinois Zone 5

While most of Ohio Valley states are in USDA hardiness zones 6 and 7, there are a few colder spots in this region with zone 5 climate. When selecting fruit trees, one of the first criteria to consider is winter hardiness. Apples, pears and sour cherries are hardy in zone 5 and are the most likely to produce fruit every year.

Some cultivars of apricots, sweet cherries, nectarines, and peaches are also considered hardy in zone 5. Unfortunately, issues like colder-than-normal winters and late spring frosts influence whether or not these fruit trees will survive for multiple seasons or reliably produce a crop.

It's essential to understand that USDA hardiness zones indicate the average coldest temperatures a region is likely to experience. It does not indicate whether or not fruit trees will bud or bear fruit the next spring. For this, one also has to consider chill hours.

Chill Hours for Ohio Valley Fruit Trees

Chill hours refers to the amount of time fruit trees will experience temperatures between freezing and 45 degrees F. (7.2 C.). When trees experience too few chill hours, the flower buds won't open, or they will open sporadically in the spring. Fruit trees in Kentucky and Tennessee are more likely to experience an insufficient amount of chill time than those in northern Illinois.

On the other hand, too many chill hours can cause fruit trees to break dormancy and bud too early in the season. This is especially true when a warm spell during the winter stimulates the flow of sap upward and the buds begin to swell. Late spring freezes and frosts can then damage buds, which may result in loss of the entire crop for the year.

When researching fruit trees, one is likely to discover that chill hour requirements can vary widely between cultivars. Most types of deciduous fruit trees have “low-chill” cultivars which are best suited for southern climates. When looking for types of fruit for the Ohio Valley, consider varieties with higher chill hour requirements.

Fruit Trees in USDA Hardiness Zones 6 and 7

USDA hardiness zone 6 includes southern Illinois and Michigan, and northern Missouri as well as most of Ohio and Indiana. Fruit trees, like apricots, peaches, pears, nectarines and sweet cherries, produce more reliable crops in zone 6 as compared to zone 5. Sour cherries, apples, pawpaws, pears and plums also do very well in zone 6 gardens.

Zone 7 includes southern areas of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio as well as most of Kentucky and Tennessee. Some sour cherry varieties don't fare well in zone 7, but gardeners in this climate can add hardy pomegranates to the list of fruit trees they can grow. Other types of fruit that does well in zone 7 includes:

• Apples
• Apricots
• Nectarines
• Pawpaws
• Peaches
• Pears
• Plums
• Sweet cherries

Selecting Fruit Trees in Missouri and the Ohio Valley

Local nurseries are often a good source for the type and varieties of fruit trees that do well in a given area. Their garden specialist can also advise orchardist about the basic growing requirements and pollination needs for the trees they select.

If you plan to order fruit trees online for the Ohio Valley, you may wish to start your search with these cultivars:

Apples

• Cortland
• Empire
• Honeycrisp
• Mcintosh

Apricots

• Goldcot
• Harglow
• Patterson

Sour Cherries

• Meteor
• Montmorency
• North Star

Sweet Cherries

• Bing
• Blackgold
• Sweetheart

Nectarines

• Hardired
• Mericrest
• Summer Beaut

Pawpaws

• Sunflower
• Wabash

Peaches

• China Pearl
• Contender
• Reliance

Pears

• Anjou
• Bosc
• Red Bartlett

Plums

• Bluebyrd
• Earliblue
• Damson

Pomegranate

• Russian 26
• Salavatski

Beautiful lawns don't just happen. Properly timed lawn maintenance, such as mowing, fertilizing and aerating can turn weedy, unhealthy turf into a lush carpet of green grass. Let's take a look at the best times to schedule these lawn care tasks for the Central Midwest states and the Ohio Valley region.

Wisconsin to Missouri Lawn Care Schedule

Lawn care begins long before those first blades of grass start to green up in the spring. As the snow melts off the turf, spring cleanup is the first step. Remove the branches, twigs and pinecones that came down over the winter. Rake any leaves that may have blown onto the grass and pick up debris.

This is also a good time to survey the lawn for perennial weeds, snow mold and mole damage. Resolving these issues early can lessen their severity. The time to apply broadleaf herbicides, reseed bare spots and mow for the first time will depend upon the weather and your climate.

When to Begin Mowing the Lawn

Most years, the Upper Midwest states and Northern Illinois lawn care schedule will lag a few weeks behind the starting dates for southern areas of the Midwest and Ohio Valley. Weather conditions also determine when to begin mowing in the spring. Instead of going by a calendar date, experts recommend following these guidelines:

• Wait until the grass breaks dormancy. Once the grass begins actively growing, it's safe to start mowing. Cool-season grass breaks dormancy when soil temperatures reach 50 degrees F. (10 C.) or the daytime air temperature is consistently above 60 degrees F. (16 C.).
• Make sure the soil can support mowing. Snow melt and spring rains can leave the ground waterlogged. Subsequently, the weight of lawn tractors can tear up the sod and leave ruts in the yard. If the grass is getting too high, consider using a push mower to get the job done without damaging the turf.
• Mow grass at the proper height. The rule of thumb is to remove no more than 1/3 of the length of the grass blades when mowing. Cutting grass back too far impairs root growth and makes the lawn less drought resistant during dry weather.

When to Fertilize Lawn – Indiana North and South

Timely applications of fertilizer provide the nutrients your lawn needs. If you only feed the turf once per year, fall is the recommended time. In the northern regions of the Central Midwest, the first two weeks of September is the key time to apply a water soluable, fast-release fertilizer.

As cool-season turf recovers from summer stress, an application of a high nitrogen grass fertilizer (20-8-8) encourages the grass plants to store carbohydrate reserves for the upcoming winter. This increases root growth and helps the lawn green up quicker in the spring.

A second application of fertilizer can be applied up to two weeks before the ground freezes. Fall is also the ideal time to eliminate perennial weeds. Applying a broadleaf herbicide in early fall encourages grass to spread into areas left vacant from dying weeds.

In southern areas of the central Midwest and Ohio Valley, late September to early October is the recommended time for an early or annual application of fertilizer. If desired, a second application of fertilizer can be applied in early November.

When to Aerate Lawn – Ohio Valley Region

Aerating lawns is a process in which holes are created in the turf by removing 1/2 to 3/4 inch (1.5-2 cm.) plugs of soil that are typically 2 to 3 inches (5-7.5 cm.) long. Aerating machines can be rented or this type of service can be performed by a lawn care company. Aerating benefits turf grass in the following ways:

• Reduces soil compaction
• Improves air exchange
• Boosts fertilizer uptake
• Enhances the soil's ability to absorb water
• Creates a stronger root system
• Decreases thatch

The ideal time to aerate the lawn is when it's actively growing. Fall aerating is preferred over spring as weed seeds have less opportunity to germinate and get established in the autumn. The ground should be moist, but not overly saturated and mowing first is recommended if you plan to seed the lawn after aerating.

Note: Any recommendations pertaining to the use of chemicals are for informational purposes only. Chemical control should only be used as a last resort, as organic approaches are safer and more environmentally friendly.

Ornamental grasses add color, texture and vertical appeal to the landscape. Most require minimal care, and these landscaping plants come in a variety of sizes to meet any gardener's needs. Yet, if you live in the Midwest or the Ohio Valley, varieties of ornamental grasses for Missouri gardens may not perform as expected in Northern states.

Cool-Season vs. Warm-Season Ornamental Grass

As the name suggests, cool-season grass varieties do better when the temperature is between 60 to 75 degrees F. (15.5-24 C.). They begin growing early in the spring and enter a second growth period in the fall. Unless they are provided with supplemental water during the summer, these types of ornamental grasses typically go dormant midseason and turn brown.

Warm-season grasses like it hot and thrive in temperatures in the 80 to 95 degree F. (27-35 C.) range. These ornamental grasses begin growing later in the year and don't turn brown until fall. Which type of ornamental grass is right for you depends upon where you live.

Ornamental Grasses - Illinois, Indiana and Northern Midwest States

Although a few warm-season grasses are winter hardy in climates colder than zone 5, most are not. Ornamental grasses for Indiana and Illinois can include warm-season species in the lower portions of these states. For colder regions of the Midwest and Ohio Valley, consider these cool-season ornamental grasses that thrive in Zone 4.

Blue Fescue (Festuca ovina)

• Foliage: Silvery-blue
• Plume color: Light tan
• Height: 6-10 inches (15-25 cm.)

Blue Hair Grass (Koeleria glauca)

• Foliage: Blue green
• Plume color: Golden brown
• Height: 12 inches (30 cm.)

Blue Oat Grass (Helictotrichon sempervirens)

• Foliage: Steel blue
• Plume color: Light brown
• Height: 2 feet (.6 m.)

Bulbous Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum elatius)

• Foliage: Bluish-green with white stripes
• Plume color: Tan
• Height: 12 inches (30 cm.)

Feather Reed Grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora)

• Foliage: Dull green
• Plume color: Rosy pink to maroon
• Height: 3 feet (.9 m.)

Hakone Grass (Hakonechloa macra)

• Foliage: Creamy white, bright yellow and green striped
• Plume color: Inconspicuous
• Height: 1-2 feet (.3-.6 m.)

Ribbon Grass (Phalaris arundinacea)

• Foliage: Bright green with white stripes
• Plume color: Greenish white to pale pink
• Height: 2 to 3 feet (.6-.9 m.)

Tufted Hair Grass (Dechampsia caespitosa)

• Foliage: Dark green
• Plume color: Silvery white to golden
• Height: 2 to 3 feet (.6-.9 m.)

Ornamental Grass – Kentucky and Zone 5 Midwest States

While cool-season grasses thrive in the upper third of the US, warm-season grasses are best for Southern states. Gardeners in the middle third of the country can choose either. In addition to the cool-season species listed above, zone 5 Lower Midwest and Ohio ornamental grasses can include these warm-season species:

Chinese Silver (Maiden) Grass (Miscanthus sinensus)

• Foliage: Light green with ivory variegation
• Plume color: Silvery pink
• Height: 4 to 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m.)

Fountain Grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides)

• Foliage: Bright green
• Plume color: Buff to rosy white
• Height: 3 feet (.9 m.)

Giant Reed Grass (Arundo donax)

• Foliage: Bluish-green, green, or silver
• Plume color: Golden brown
• Height: 20 feet (6 m.)

Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans)

• Foliage: Pale green, dark green, or blue-green
• Plume color: Golden brown
• Height: 3 to 7 feet (.9-2.1 m.)

Japanese Blood Grass (Imperata cylindrica)

• Foliage: Green and red
• Plume color: Non-flowering
• Height: 2 to 20 feet (.6-6 m.)

Northern Sea Oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

• Foliage: Green
• Plume color: Golden brown
• Height: 3 feet (.9 m.)

Plume Grass (Erianthus ravennae)

• Foliage: Greyish-green with white midribs
• Plume color: Silvery white
• Height: 14 feet (4.3 m.)

Purple Moor Grass (Molinia caerulea)

• Foliage: Dark green
• Plume color: Golden to maroon
• Height: 2 to 3 feet (.3-.6 m.)

Switch Grass (Panicum virgatum)

• Foliage: Green
• Plume color: Pinkish purple
• Height: 4 to 6 feet (1.2-1.8 m.)

When gardeners think of pollinators, managed hives of European honeybees often come to mind. Yet, here in the Ohio Valley and Central Midwest region, there are hundreds of species of native bees, butterflies, moths, and other insects that help pollinate our vegetable gardens and flowerbeds. Planting Midwest and Missouri native pollinator plants is one way to protect these valuable species.

The Purpose of a Pollinator Garden: Ohio Valley Region

Protecting pollinators can't be overstressed. It's estimated one of every three bites of food is the result of cross-pollination by pollinators. If you like tomatoes, here's a fun fact: native bumble bees are more effective at pollinating tomato flowers than the European honeybee.

While most gardeners are aware that honeybee populations have been declining, they may not realize that many native species of pollinators are also endangered. By creating a pollinator garden, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Central Midwest gardeners can help protect these and many more vulnerable species:

• Bumble bees – Easily identified by their large size and yellow and black coloration, bumble bees live in underground colonies. Unlike honeybees, bumble bees will pollinate flowers in the rain.
• Carpenter bees – Often considered a nuisance species due to their propensity to chew holes in wood structures, carpenter bees pollinate a variety of fruit crops. Unlike honeybees, they can vibrate flowers and dislodge pollen.
• Leaf cutter bees – So named because they harvest pieces of leaves to line their nests, leaf cutter bees are important pollinators for the production of alfalfa seed.
• Masked bees – Mostly black, these small bees are often mistaken for wasps. Masked bees pollinate elderberries, goldenrod, and Queen Anne's lace.
• Mining bees – Small to medium sized, mining bees are soil dwellers that pollinate spring-blooming fruit crops such as apples, blueberries, and cherries.
• Mason bees – Also known as orchard bees, this species is fond of pollinating fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. They are cavity nesters who sometimes take advantage of holes made by other insects.
• Polyester bees – So named for the plastic-like secretion they produce, polyester bees are a solitary, ground nesting species. With a preference for woody plants, these bees pollinate trees such as sugar maples and plums.
• Squash bees – Sporting coloration similar to honeybees, squash bees are important pollinators of cucurbit crops. The males can sometimes be seen sleeping overnight in squash flowers.

How to Make a Pollinator Garden

Creating a pollinator friendly garden is not difficult. It involves providing food, shelter, and water for all stages of the pollinator's life. Here are a few tips to get you started:

• Plant a diverse group of native plants that bloom throughout the year.
• Leave hollow stemmed plants intact over the winter to provide shelter for nesting bees.
• Limit the use of weed barriers to allow ground nesting bees access to the soil.
• Refrain from being too tidy. Not mowing every bit of the yard or leaving a few logs, a brush pile, or stump provides resting spots and shelter to pollinators.
• Use a bird bath, fountain, or shallow bowl to give pollinators access to water.
• Avoid using pesticides and herbicides. These can indiscriminately kill pollinators or plants that are necessary for their survival.

Midwest and Ohio Pollinator Plants

When choosing plants for the garden, consider these Midwest and Indiana native pollinator plants.

Spring Blooming

• Cream Wild Indigo (Baptisia bracteata)
• Culver's Root (Veronicastrum virginicum)
• Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis)
• New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus)
• Smooth Spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis)
• Wild Geranium (Geranium maculatum)
• Wild Lupine (Lupinus perennis)

Summer Blooming

• Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)
• Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)
• Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor)
• Prairie Blazing Star (Liatris pycnostachya)
• Purple Coneflower (Echinacea pallida)
• Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
• Yellow Giant Hyssop (Agastache nepetoides)

Fall Blooming

• Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium spp)
• Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)
• Maximilian Sunflower (Helianthus maximiliana)
• New England Aster (Aster novae-angliae)
• Showy Goldenrod (Solidago speciosa)
• Tall Ironweed (Vernonia gigantea)
• Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia)

Are you tired of cutting grass? Perhaps you have a slope that's difficult to maintain or a shady spot where grass just won't grow. There are many reasons homeowners might consider replacing traditional turf with lawn alternatives. While there are several groundcover plants Ohio Valley gardeners can use, choosing one isn't always easy.

Choosing a Lawn Alternative

Before ripping out the lawn, it's advisable to first consider the growing conditions in your yard and what specific needs you have for your property. Start by asking yourself these five key questions:

• Are there problem areas that are not conducive to grass cultivation, or would you like to replace the entire lawn?
• Is the area sunny, shady, or a mix of both?
• Does the yard drain well or are there wet spots after a heavy rain?
• Do you need to walk on the lawn, or do you have children and pets who regularly use the yard?
• Are there any zoning regulations or homeowner's association rules that limit lawn height or prohibit non-standardized landscaping?

Once you have the answers, you can begin searching for the lawn care alternative that meets your needs.

All-Season Lawn Alternatives

From USDA zone 8 in the southwest corner of Tennessee to zone 5 in the uppermost part of Illinois, climate can vary widely throughout the Ohio Valley. Groundcover plants Tennessee gardeners use may be evergreen in their area, but deciduous farther north.

When looking for a turf replacement which retains its leaves during the winter, consider these evergreen lawn alternatives. Illinois to Tennessee gardeners and everyone in between will find these plants stay green year-round and most are deer resistant. All are hardy in USDA growing zones 5 to 8.

• Creeping Thyme (Thymus praecox) Tolerant of light foot traffic, Creeping Thyme grows in full sun or partial shade. It reaches a maximum height of 6 inches (15 cm.) and is considered safe for children and pets.
• Dwarf Tickseed (Coreopsis auriculata) The spring-blooming yellow flowers of Dwarf Tickseed lend an element of color to the lawn, but the blooms do attract bees. This 6 to 9 inch (15-23 cm.) tall plant is non-toxic to children and pets.
• English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) You won't need to mow this 6 inch (15 cm.) aromatic herb. English Chamomile tolerates light foot traffic but is toxic to pets.
• Japanese Spurge (Pachysandra terminalis) Although this 8 to 12 inch (20-31 cm.) tall, shade-loving plant is non-toxic to children and pets, the sap of Japanese spurge can be irritating to the skin.
• Creeping Phlox (Phlox subulata) Tolerant of foot traffic, Creeping Phlox reaches a maximum height of 6 inches (15 cm.). It's non-toxic to children and pets, but the bright spring blossoms do attract bees.
• Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) Only 2 inches (5 cm.) tall, shade-loving Partridgeberry won't need mowed and is non-toxic.
• Periwinkle (Vinca minor) At 6 inches (15 cm.) tall, Periwinkle won't need to be mowed. The shiny dark, green foliage and purple flowers are toxic to humans and pets.
• Snow in Summer (Cerastium tomentosum) Although it's not tolerant of foot traffic, Snow in Summer has dainty white flowers and grows in full sun and partial shade. At 6 inches (15 cm.) tall it doesn't need to be mowed but can become invasive.
• Woodland Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum) Non-toxic and tolerant of foot traffic, Woodland Stonecrop is a low-growing, 2 to 3 inch (5-8 cm.) tall native.

Groundcover Plants – Illinois to Tennessee

If you're only planning on replanting parts of the lawn, such as slopes or under trees, consider the following groundcover plants. Indiana, Illinois, and other upper Midwest gardeners may find some are deciduous in their area. Others are not hardy in all locations in the Ohio Valley.

• Amethyst in Snow (Centaurea montana)
• Bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi)
• Blue Catmint (Nepeta racemosa)
• Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans)
• Bunchberry Dogwood (Cornus Canadensis)
• Canada Wild Ginger (Asarum Canadense)
• Common Blue Violet (Viola Sororia Willd)
• Corsican Mint (Mentha requienii)
• Goldenstar (Chrysogonum virginianum)
• Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)
• Moss (Various species)
• Running Strawberry Bush (Euonymus obovatus)
• Spotted Deadnettle (Lamium maculatum)
• Striped Cream Violet (Viola striata)
• Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum)
• Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)
• White Clover (Trifolium repens)

Invertebrate pests can stunt plant growth and vigor. They can damage fruit and leafy vegetables. Heavily infested plants may even die. Yet, before you can treat the problem, it's essential to identify the bugs. If you're battling insects in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, or West Virginia, here are the pests you're most likely to find.

The Most Common Bugs in Ohio Valley Gardens

• Aphids – Aphids are tiny, soft-bodied insects which feed on a number of garden vegetables. Look for curled leaves and honeydew.
• Cabbage Root Maggots – Suspect cabbage root maggots when cruciferous vegetable wilting is not due to dry conditions. The white legless pests can be seen on the roots.
• Cabbage Worms – From boring into cabbage to chewing holes in cruciferous leaves, cabbage worms can be prevented with barrier pest control methods.
• Colorado Potato Beetles – Easily identified by their cream and black stripes, Colorado Potato Beetles feed on potato, tomato, and eggplant foliage.
• Corn Earworms – Hidden underneath the husks, Corn Earworms crawl down corn silk to feed upon the corn kernels.
• Cucumber Beetles – Black and yellow striped or spotted Cucumber Beetles feed on cucurbits. They chew holes in foliage and carry bacterial wilt.
• Cutworms – Suspect cutworms when finding the stems of recent transplants cut off near the surface.
• Flea Beetles – Barely visible, shiny black flea beetles will pepper foliage with tiny holes.
• Grasshoppers – The grasshopper's long legs can propel this pest 30 miles in a day. Look for ragged holes in foliage.
• Hornworm – These large caterpillars can be difficult to spot, but tomato hornworms can be found near newly defoliate tomato stems.
• Japanese Beetles – As one of the more identifiable Ohio Valley and West Virginia insects, Japanese beetles consume the leaves of many garden and ornamental plants.
• Onion Thrips – Pests of both onions and cabbage, Onion Thrips feed upon foliage causing white spots and silver streaks.
• Scale – Appearing as tiny brown bumps on stems and leaves, scale is more prevalent on trees and shrubs. It can cause leaf drop and twig die back.
• Slugs – As nocturnal feeders, these shell-less snail-like pests aren't usually spotted during the day. Look for mucous trails and damaged foliage as signs of slugs.
• Spider Mites – Finding tiny reddish brown arachnids and webs on the undersides of leaves is indicative of a spider mite infestation.
• Squash Vine Borer – When cucurbit leaves wilt, examine the stems for slotted holes and the presence of Squash Vine Borer larvae.

Beware of Spotted Lanternflies

When it comes to invertebrate pests, the Spotted Lanternfly is the latest threat. A native of China, this invasive species attacks a variety of fruit, nut, and ornamental trees. Although it may have a moth-like presence, Spotted Lanternflies are a type of leafhopper which damage plants by sucking on plant tissues.

Identified first in Pennsylvania in 2014, sightings of these insects in Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia have been confirmed. It's believed this invasive pest will continue to spread within the Ohio Valley region, which has the potential to host a large population.

Identifying the various stages of Spotted Lanternflies is not difficult. The adult are approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm.) long and have red hindwings with black spots. When resting, the forewings are usually folded over the hindwinds, but a reddish tint may be somewhat visible through the translucent gray spotted forewings. The tips of the forewings have fine black stripes.

Adults congregate in large numbers from August through October, when mating occurs. Eggs are laid in October and look like a patch of mud on smooth surfaces. The egg masses can be found on firewood, vehicles and other movable items. This facilitates the spread of Spotted Lanternflies into new areas.

The eggs overwinter and hatch in the spring. All nymphs stages have white spots which occur on the insect's back and legs. Early stages are black, but older nymphs have red highlights on their dorsal side. When spotting these bugs in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia, destroyed all stages to prevent further spread.

If you live in the Ohio Valley region, it makes sense to plant Midwest Ohio native plants. Native plant species are well-adapted to their place of origin. These plants require less maintenance, fewer chemicals, and many are perennials which return year after year. Additionally, many of these plants provide food and shelter for native animals, insects, and bird species.

Midwest and Ohio Valley Native Flowers

From Ohio to Missouri, native plants in the Midwest include many flower garden beauties. These plants often have long bloom times, and many can be used in fresh and dried arrangements:

• Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) – The yellow daisy-shaped flowers of black-eyed Susan bloom on multi-branching stems in summer and early fall.
• Cardinal flower – (Lobelia cardinalis) – Add color to the garden with spiky flower stalks of cardinal flower, bearing five-lobed, bright red flowers.
• Goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis) – Give the garden an autumn feel with these fall-blooming yellowish gold, feathery flowers of goldenrod.
• Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) – Say “I love you” all summer long with bouquets of coneflower’s daisy-like flowers with pinkish purple petals.
• Tall Ironweed (Vernonia gigantea) – Look for the brilliant purple flowers of tall ironweed on 4 to 6 feet (1-2 m.) plants in late summer.
• Virginia Bluebell (Mertensia virginica) – Enjoy the blue, trumpet-shaped blossoms of Virginia bluebell in early spring.

Harvesting Food from Native Plants

For centuries, indigenous people of the Americas survived by foraging Midwest and Kentucky native plants. Here are a few native species you can add to your edible landscaping:

• American black elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) – Pick clusters of dark purple berries from the American black elderberry for pies, jellies, and wine in midsummer.
• Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) – Use the licorice-scented leaves of anise hyssop for tea, to flavor jellies or add it to salads.
• Hazelnut (Corylus americana) – You'll have to fend off the squirrels to harvest these small edible hazelnuts in late summer.
• Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) – There are endless ways to use the tropical-flavored flesh from the yellowish, green fruit of pawpaw.
• Red Mulberry (Morus rubra) – It's definitely pie season when red mulberry produces multitudes of 1 inch long (2.5 cm.), blackberry-shaped fruit.
• Wild Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) – These tiny, tart cherries of wild black cherry can be eaten raw or used for jams, sauces, and juice.

Creating Specialized Gardens with Natives

Whether you want to create a bird garden, attract more bees to your veggie plants, or simply want an attractive garden design, Ohio Valley and Illinois native plants can do the job:

• Bee balm (Monarda didyma) – The beautiful red flowers of bee balm attract pollinators, including bees to the garden.
• Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) – Support local butterfly populations by planting milkweed, a host plant for Monarch caterpillars.
• Garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata) – Pick the purple, pink, or white blossoms of garden phlox for cut flowers or leave these blooms in the garden to attract butterflies and hummingbirds.
• Northern Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) – Add color to the early spring garden with this shrub's attractive yellow foliage. Then enjoy watching northern spicebush host Eastern Tiger Swallowtail caterpillars.
• Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) – Train this vining plant to a trellis and enjoy the view as local hummingbirds visit each flower of trumpet honeysuckle for its sweet nectar.
• Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata) – Add winter interest to the garden with winterberry holly as this deciduous shrub overwinters bird-friendly red berries.

Obtaining Native Plant Species

Suppose you're hiking the trails at Oaubache State Park, and you see a beautiful array of Indiana native plants that you'd love to add to your home garden. Is it okay to collect seeds or remove a few plants to take home?

The answer to both questions is no. In most states, removing native plants, collecting seeds, or picking flowers from State Parks and Public Lands is illegal. If caught, you could face heavy fines or restitution for damages. Even with a private property owner's permission, removing endangered plants or picking rare flowers can threaten the plant's existence in the wild.

Instead, consider purchasing native species from a reputable dealer, your state's agriculture extension program, or a native plant society. These plants have been cloned or grown from seeds produced by non-wild specimens. In some instances, these purchases support the protection of wild strands of native plants for future generations to enjoy.

Ohio Valley gardening tasks this month focus primarily on the upcoming holidays and preventing winter damage to plants. As the snow begins to fly, making plans and preparations for upcoming garden projects can be added to the regional to-do list.

You're not the only one making a list this month either, Santa is too! Be extra good and you might receive those gardening tools on your wish list.

December Tasks for the Central States

Lawn

There are few lawncare tasks on the central states this month.

• Topping the list is protecting the turfgrass from damage. Weather permitting, cut the grass one last time to prevent snow mold.
• If possible, avoid walking on frost covered or frozen lawns. This breaks the blades and damages the grass plants.
• Avoid heavy holiday lawn decorations, as these prevent oxygen and sunlight from reaching the grass. Instead opt for the lightweight inflatables which have become exceedingly popular in recent years.

Flowerbeds, trees, and shrubs

December gardens can provide a variety of craft materials for wreaths, centerpieces, and other seasonal decorations. Be sure to remove greenery evenly to prevent plants from looking lopsided.

Here are some other Ohio Valley gardening issues which may need addressed this month:

• Prevent insect and rodent problems by pulling mulch away from the trunks of trees and shrubs.
• Gently remove heavy snow loads from shrubs and trees to prevent damage, but let ice melt on its own. Ice-coated branches are more prone to breakage.
• Continue to water newly planted trees and shrubs when the ground isn't frozen and mulch perennial flowerbeds if needed.

Vegetables

By now December gardens should be cleared of old plant debris. Be sure tomato stakes and trellises for vining veggies have been removed and stored for the winter.

Here’s some other things to do:

• Although the Ohio Valley gardening outdoor growing season has come to an end for the year, growing indoor lettuce or microgreens can provide fresh produce during the winter.
• Check stores for winter produce and discard any which show signs of rotting. Wilted or shriveled veggies indicate storage humidity levels are too low.
• Inventory seed packets. Discard those which are too old and make a list of the seeds you wish to order.
• Plan next year's vegetable garden. Try a veggie you've never tasted and if you like, add it to your garden plans.

Miscellaneous

With so few outside tasks on the regional to-do list this month, it's a great time to wrap up those unfinished chores before the end of the year. Repot houseplants, oil hand tools, and safely discard outdated chemicals.

Here's a few more items to check off the list:

• Decorate the house with poinsettias you forced or purchase new ones.
• For the best selection, choose a live or fresh-cut Christmas tree early in the month.
• If you haven't already done so, purchase or handmake gifts for gardening friends. Gardening gloves, an apron, or decorated planters are always welcome.
• Send power equipment out for repair or tune-up. Your local shop will appreciate the business this month.
• Make sure snow removal equipment is within easy reach and fuel is on hand.

November ushers in the chilly weather and first snowfall of the season to many areas of the Ohio Valley. Gardening tasks this month focus primarily on winter preparation. Take advantage of those few remaining warm days to complete November maintenance in the garden.

November Ohio Valley Gardening

As you look around, you may be surprised to see a number of November gardening tasks still needing attention. Check out the following Central Ohio Valley to-do list for additional tasks.

Lawn and Trees

Removing autumn leaves from the lawn before snow falls tops the list for November gardening tasks this month. A few leaves are okay, but thick piles can smother the lawn and kill the grass. A covering of leaves also promotes snow mold and encourages rodent damage. Be sure to check these additional outdoor chores off your Ohio Valley to-do list before winter weather settles into the area.

Feed the lawn with a slow-release fertilizer. It helps maintain a greener lawn throughout the winter. Once leaves are down, check trees and shrubs for galls. Trim dead or undesirable branches. Apply protective measures to trees and reduce wintertime damage caused by deer and rodents.

Flowerbeds

November maintenance in the garden includes putting flowerbeds to rest for the year. By now, many mums and perennials have stopped blooming and most of the spring bulbs have been planted. Fewer weeds germinate in the fall, making autumn the perfect time to add flowerbeds in central Ohio Valley gardening regions.

Once temperatures have reached 20 degrees F. (-7 C.), it's time to winterize those rose bush grafts with a thick layer of mulch, leaves, or fabricated rose cones. Water and deadhead mums and fall blooming perennials. If you cut them back, be sure to apply a heavy layer of straw, leaves, or pine needles to protect the roots.

Vegetables and Fruit

By this time, there should be very little November maintenance in the garden to do. Any remaining plant material, tomato stakes, or trellises can be removed.

If pests were a huge problem in the vegetable patch this year, consider fall tilling to reduce overwintering populations.

Crops, like carrots, which can be held in the ground during winter will benefit from a thick layer of mulch.

If adding garlic or horseradish is on your Ohio Valley gardening agenda, November is the month to do it. Dig and divide rhubarb plants. Once night temperatures reach 20 degrees F. (-7 C.), mulch strawberry plants with straw.

Miscellaneous

Utilize those cooler days this month to perform many November gardening tasks inside the garage or storage shed. It's a great time to clean and organize tools as well as take stock of gardening chemicals and supplies.

Continue caring for houseplants, as many require less water and fertilizer throughout the winter. Of course, pot up those softwood cuttings which have sent out new roots.

Here's a few more items to cross off your Ohio Valley to-do list this month:

• Pick a sunny day to disconnect and drain your hose for the year. The radiant heat will make it easier to roll up.
• Prep your snow removal equipment for the upcoming winter season. Have snowblowers tuned-up and mount snowblades on trucks or tractors. Fill equipment with fresh fuel.
• Clean gutters.
• Wash garden gloves.

Shrubs can be the perfect permanent addition to the landscape. They can add vibrant color to flowerbeds, and many can be planted as hedges. If you're looking to plant shrubs in the Ohio Valley or central U.S., you're in luck. There are many varieties that are winter hardy in these locations.

Choosing Ohio Valley and Central Region Shrubs

There are several criteria to consider when selecting central region or Ohio Valley shrubs. Shrubs can vary in their mature size, light requirements, and soil conditions. Some produce beautiful, seasonal flowers and others retain their foliage in the winter. 

When choosing shrubs for Central U.S. and Ohio Valley regions, also take into consideration how tall and wide the shrub will grow. Some shrubs will stay small or can be pruned to maintain their size while others grow quite large. Finally, select shrubs for this region that will be disease and insect resistant in your area.

Shrubs for Central U.S. States and Ohio Valley

• Flowering Almond
• Japanese Barberry
• Bayberry
• Chokeberry
• Crape Myrtle
• Pagoda Dogwood
• Forsythia
• Fragrant Honeysuckle
• Hydrangea
• Common Lilac
• Japanese Maple
• Privet
• Pussy Willow
• Flowering Quince
• Rhododendron
• Rose of Sharon
• Spirea
• Weigela
• Winterberry

As the days grow shorter and the nighttime temperatures bring the threat of frost, Ohio valley gardening draws to a close this month. Yet, there is still an abundance of October gardening tasks which need attention.

October Gardening Tasks

Before you head outdoors, organize your chore chart with this regional to-do list for October in the Ohio valley.

Lawn

October in the Ohio valley beckons the onset of a spectacular display of fall foliage. Once those leaves come down though, the work begins. Use your grass catcher to get double duty from your mowing efforts and pick up fallen leaves as you cut the grass. Chopped leaves compost faster and make great winter mulch. Here are some other lawn care items to check off the regional to-do list this month:

• Spray to eliminate perennial weeds, then reseed the lawn with cool-season grasses.
• Remember wishing you had a shade tree or row of privacy hedges last summer? Fall is the perfect time to add these plants to the landscape.
• Take stock of tools in need of repair. Replace worn out equipment for less money with end-of-season sales.

Flowerbeds

With killing frost on the horizon, take advantage of your Ohio valley gardening efforts by collecting and drying flowers for winter arrangements. Then get busy with these other October gardening tasks for the flowerbeds:

• After the first killing frost, remove annual flowers. The plant material can be composted provided it's disease-free.
• Plant spring bulbs (crocus, daffodil, hyacinth, star of Bethlehem, or tulip). Use chicken wire to prevent animals from digging freshly planted bulbs.
• Dig tender perennial bulbs after the foliage is killed by frost (begonia, caladiums, canna, dahlias, geraniums, and gladiolus).
• Transplant roses and prune hardy perennials to ground level.

Vegetable garden

Watch the weather forecast and cover tender crops with a sheet to protect them from light frost. Once a killing frost threatens to bring an end to the Ohio valley gardening season, harvest tender vegetables such as peppers, squash, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes. (Green tomatoes can be ripened indoors.) Then add these tasks to your regional to-do list:

• For the best flavor, wait until after frost to harvest beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, kale, leeks, parsnips, Swiss chard, rutabagas, and turnips.
• Once the garden is done for the year, clean off plant debris and remove tomato stakes.
• Have the garden soil tested. Amend with compost or plant a cover crop.

Miscellaneous

As you work on the regional to-do list this month, consider donating excess vegetables to those less fortunate. Then finish out the month with these October gardening tasks:

• Take culinary herb cuttings from basil, mint, oregano, rosemary, and thyme to grow indoors over winter.
• Store lawn furniture and cushions for winter.
• Hang bird and animal feeders to help backyard wildlife.

The Ohio Valley gardening season begins to wind down this month as cooler nights and the threat of early frost descends upon the region. This can leave Ohio Valley gardeners wondering what to do in September. The answer is plenty.

What to Do in September?

Harvesting veggies, collecting flower seeds, and preparing the yard and garden for the upcoming dormant season are just a few of the September gardening tasks which need addressed this month. Here's a few more chores to add to your September regional to-do list: 

Lawn Care

Cooler weather and fall rains can rejuvenate the lawn turning it a healthy green. This makes lawn care an excellent September gardening task to add to the regional to-do list for the Ohio Valley.

• Continue cutting the grass at the recommended height.
• Fall is an excellent time to reseed the lawn with perennial grass seed.
• Apply broadleaf weed killer to the lawn.
• Rake pine and arborvitae needles to prevent them from smothering the grass.
• Aerate and feed lawns with natural organic fertilizer, such as compost.

Flowerbeds

September gardening tasks this month includes prepping the flowerbeds for the next year's growing season. Be sure to take the time to enjoy the last few weeks of annual flowers before cold weather ends the Ohio Valley gardening season though.

• Divide perennial flowers such as daylilies, irises, and peony.
• Begin planting spring blooming bulbs, like daffodil, at the end of the month.
• Take cuttings of annual flowers to root and overwinter indoors. Begonia, coleus, geranium, impatiens, and lantana can be propagated for growing outdoors next spring.
• Pick and preserve flowers, seed heads, and pods for dried arrangements.
• Collect annual and perennial seeds for sowing next year.

Vegetable Garden

There's no question of what to do in September in the vegetable garden. Harvest season is peaking, it's time to plant quick-maturing fall crops and prep the garden for the next year.

• Continue harvesting summer crops of cucumbers, eggplant, melons, peppers, squash, and tomatoes.
• Dig sweet potatoes before the first frost is expected.
• Dig and cure onions and garlic. Begin harvesting horseradish in September.
• Start fall crops of beets, Bok choy, carrots, lettuce, radishes, and spinach early in the month.
• Clean off spent garden plants and spread compost if the area isn't used for fall crops.

Miscellaneous Garden Tasks

Ohio Valley gardening begins the transition from outdoor cultivation to gardening inside the house this month. Add these tasks to your regional to-do list to make that transition go smoothly:

• Make indoor space for overwintering tender perennials, bulbs, and garden vegetables.
• At month's end, begin forcing poinsettia and Christmas cactus for December blooming.
• Root herb cuttings from basil, mint, oregano, rosemary, and sage for growing indoors over the winter.
• Bring houseplants back inside when overnight temperatures reach 55 degrees F. (13 C.).
• Pick ripe fruit and store for winter. Clean up rotten fallen fruit and discard to prevent the spread of disease.

Meadow gardens have gained notoriety in recent years. While popular with home growers, many cities have also started to utilize roadsides and unused paths near highways as green space to encourage the presence of pollinators and beneficial insects. Planting options are virtually limitless in fields and meadows which receive ample sun, but how do you select wildflowers for shade?

Learning more about shade tolerant meadow plants can help gardeners continue to beautify and repurpose unused areas of their yards. This article will help gardeners living in the Central Ohio region, but everyone can benefit from the same general guidelines.

How to Create a Shady Meadow Garden

The creation of a shade tolerant meadow begins with careful planning. Before selecting plants, observe the conditions in the proposed planting location. This includes learning more about the soil types and understanding exactly how many hours of sunlight the planting space will receive throughout the year.

In doing so, you’ll be able to increase the chances of success by making well-informed choices on which shade meadow plants to grow. Exploring local botanical gardens or shady meadows in local parks can also be an excellent way to gain better insight into what plants to consider growing in your shady meadow garden. Always go with native plants first – and there are many to choose from throughout the Ohio Valley states.

A lack of sunlight often results in a lack of flowers, but this does not mean a lack of diversity within the planting. Ornamental grasses and foliage plants are often popular choices for shady meadow gardens. These plants may not necessarily be prized for their showy flowers, but they still serve a significant role in the meadow ecosystem.

Many ornamental varieties of native groundcovers and vines have been introduced. These plants, in combination with native woodland wildflowers, can create an expansive meadow planting that is adapted to growth under low light conditions.

In choosing wildflowers for shade in this area (or any other), remember that the light amount in the meadow may vary greatly from one season to another. Often, changes in canopies of trees results in more sunlight during winter and spring. Those wishing to create shade tolerant meadows with more blooms may consider the growth of naturalizing spring flowering bulbs or hardy annual wildflowers which are able to tolerate colder conditions throughout winter.

The broad canopy of a beautiful shade tree lends a certain romance to the landscape. Shade trees provide homeowners with comfortable areas of the yard for outdoor entertaining, snoozing in a hammock, or relaxing with a good book and refreshing glass of lemonade. Additionally, deciduous shade trees can lower home cooling costs in the summer and heating bills in the winter.

Tips for Choosing a Shade Tree

Whether you're planting shade trees for Central U.S. or Ohio Valley gardening, local plant shops and nurseries are a handy source for trees suitable for your climate. While the criteria gardeners use when choosing a shade tree is similar to other types of gardening plants, it's important to remember that a tree is a long-term landscaping investment.

When selecting a shade tree for Ohio Valley areas or Central U.S. gardening, consider how fast it will grow and how long it will live as well as its hardiness, sunlight, and soil requirements. Here are some other qualities to keep in mind:

• Subterranean growth space – Tree roots can crack building foundations, buckle pavement, and clog septic or sewer lines. Choose trees with less invasive roots when planting close to these structures.
• Disease resistance – Caring for pest ridden or diseased trees is time consuming and expensive. Choose healthy trees which will remain healthy in your locale.
• Fruits and seeds – While trees provide a wonderful source of nutrients and shelter for many small birds and animals, homeowners may not enjoy cleaning up acorns and weeding maple seedlings from flowerbeds.
• Maintenance – Fast growing trees will provide satisfactory shade sooner than slower growing species, but the former requires more maintenance. Additionally, trees with softer wood are more prone to storm damage which can destroy property and sever overhead utility lines.

Central U.S. and Ohio Valley Shade Trees

Choosing a shade tree that is not only right for you but also for that special area in the yard often requires a bit of research. There are many species suitable for the Central U.S. and Ohio Valley. Shade trees which thrive in USDA hardiness zones 4 to 8 include: 

Maple

• Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
• Paperbark Maple (Acer griseum)
• Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
• Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

Oak

• Nutall (Quercus nuallii)
• Pin oak (Quercus palustris)
• Red oak (Quercus rubra)
• Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea)
• White oak (Quercus alba)

Birch

• Gray Birch (Betula populifolia)
• Japanese White (Betula platyphylla)
• Paper (Betula papyrifera)
• River (Betula nigra)
• Silver (Betula pendula)

Hickory

• Bitternut (Carya cordiformis)
• Mockernut (Carya tomentosa)
• Pignut (Carya glabra)
• Shagbark (Carya ovata)
• Shellbark (Carya laciniosa)

A few others include American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), and weeping willow (Salix alba). 

Those living and gardening in the Ohio Valley know that the arrival of August means a time of progress and change in the home garden. Though the temperatures are still quite warm, there is no doubt that the arrival of fall is growing near. Learning more about gardening tasks for the Ohio Valley in August can help you stay ahead and work towards the completion of everything before the arrival of cooler weather in September.

Careful planning will also allow gardeners to make the most out of their usable space in the coming months.

August To-Do List

Though vegetable garden production often begins to slow down in this month, the August to-do list continues to grow. For those who have not been sowing in succession, many vegetable plants will need to be harvested and preserved at this time.

Beans, sweet corn, peppers, tomatoes, and squash are all at peak ripeness. Long season watermelon and cantaloupe are also ready for harvesting during this time.

The harvest of crops and clearing of the garden is especially convenient for those thinking about fall. By the beginning of August, cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower should be transplanted into their final location.

The middle of the month also marks the last chance to complete regional garden chores such as direct sowing root vegetables and many leafy greens for late fall production.

Gardening Tasks for the Ohio Valley

Other gardening tasks for the Ohio Valley in preparation for fall include propagation of ornamental plants by cuttings. Plants such as pelargonium, coleus, and begonias are not hardy to this growing zone. For this reason, it will be necessary to begin rooting cuttings in order to overwinter them indoors.

Ohio Valley gardening conditions in the winter do, however, support the growth of many flowering bulbs. With ample chill hours to come, growers can begin ordering flowering bulbs such as tulips and daffodils.

Many gardening tasks for the Ohio Valley will remain consistent in August. This includes weeding and irrigation. Since the month of August marks a considerable decrease in rainfall, many containers and ornamental plantings may need weekly watering.

Fertilization of plants and shrubs should also cease at this time, as growth begins to slow in preparation for winter and dormancy approaches.

Continue to routinely monitor for pests on susceptible plants.

Are you looking for the perfect Ohio Valley vines to complete your cottage garden? Do you have space to fill around the mailbox or lamppost at your home in the central U.S. region? Vine growing is an old-fashioned gardening secret for adding vertical color and foliage accents to the landscape. If you live in this region, check out these vines.

Growing Vines in Central U.S. States and the Ohio Valley

Too often vines are overlooked and underused in modern landscaping designs. Yet, these simple plants can add the finishing touch to a pagoda or gazebo. Flowering vines can bring a splash of color to a drab wall or fence. Leafy vines bring a dignified look to older architecture. Additionally, dense matting vines can be used as a weed stopping groundcover.

When selecting a vine for climbing, the key is to match the vine's climbing ability with the type of vertical surface provided. Some vines have tendrils which are leafless stems that grab vertical supports like a set of arms. These vines do best on trellises made of wire, wood slats, or metal poles.

Twining vines grow in a spiral and wind themselves around upright supports. These vines also do well on trellises made of wire, wood slats, or metal poles but they can also be used on larger structures like pagodas.

Climbing vines are ideal for clinging directly to masonry or brick walls. They have adaptive root like growths which dig into the surface of these walls. For this reason, it's not advisable to use climbing vines on wooden structures or frame buildings. Climbing vines can damage these surfaces and cause them to rot.

Vines for Ohio Valley and Central U.S. Gardens

Growing vining plants is not very different than other types of flora. Start by choosing central U.S. region or Ohio valley vines which are hardy in your area. Match the vine's sunlight, soil, and moisture requirements with the location in the garden.

Deciduous Tendril Vines:

• Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)
• Japanese Hydrangea Vine (Schizophragma hydrangeoides)
• Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)

Evergreen Tendril Vines:

• Sweet Pea (Lathyrus latifolius)
• Wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei)

Deciduous Twining Vines:

• American Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens)
• Clematis
• Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia arguta)
• Hops (Humulus lupulus)
• Kentucky Wisteria (Wisteria macrostachya)
• Silver Fleece Flower (Polygonum aubertii)
• Trumpet Vine (Campsis radicans)

Evergreen Twining Vines:

• Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia durior)
• Honeysuckle (Lonicera)

Evergreen Clinging Vines:

• Climbing Hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala)
• English Ivy (Hedera helix)

Gardening may be an ideal way to spend a relaxing Saturday afternoon, but in this day and age, spare time is a luxury most gardeners can't afford. Perhaps that's why so many gardeners turn to hardy perennials. Plant them once and they return each year with renewed vigor and bountiful blossoms.

Hardy Perennials for Central Region and Ohio Valley Gardens

When planting perennials in the Ohio Valley and Central regions, it's wise to consider the plant's winter hardiness. These areas of the continental United States can experience frigid winter temperatures and accumulating amounts of snowfall.

Tropical and semi-tropical plants can't survive these harsh winter environments. Additionally, digging up bulbs and moving tender perennials indoors is time consuming and tedious.

Luckily, there are quite a few central U.S. perennials which can survive the frigid temperatures Mother Nature delivers to these regions. Let's take a look at several winter-hardy perennial options to try:

• Bearded Iris: These old-fashioned favorites are easy to grow and available in a multitude of solid and multicolored varieties. Plant bearded irises in accent groups throughout the flowerbed or use as border and edging plants. Irises prefer a sunny location and make excellent cut flowers.
• Daylily: From their clumps of grass-like foliage to their long blooming spikes of flowers, daylilies add bold eye appeal as accent plants in flowerbeds or in mass plantings along decorative fences. They pair well with ornamental grasses and small shrubs. Plant in full sun.
• Hibiscus: Related to the tropical species, hardy hibiscus can survive the brutal winters of the Central U.S. states and Ohio valley. Perennials of Hibiscus moscheutos are often called dinner plate hibiscus in reference to their large, showy flowers. These late emerging flowers prefer full sun and bloom in mid to late summer.
• Hosta: This shade-loving genus contains many species and varieties. Hosta adds color and texture under trees and on north facing flowerbeds. Try mixing several varieties of hosta with various ferns to give shady corners of the garden a deep woodsy appeal. Hostas send up spikes of delicate lavender flowers during the summer months.
• Lily: Renowned for their beautiful blossoms, the lily genus contains between 80 and 100 species including Easter, tiger, oriental, and Asian lilies. Lilies are easy to grow and prefer sunny locations in the garden. Depending upon the variety, lilies bloom from early to late summer.
• Sedum: With hundreds of species from which to choose, these sun-loving succulents are perfect in flowerbeds and rock gardens. Taller varieties grow on upright stems which die back to the ground in the winter. The shorter, creeping types of sedums are evergreen and make excellent groundcover around steppingstones and in rock gardens.

For many gardeners across the United States, the month of July marks record breaking high temperatures. While this is true for those living in the Ohio Valley, July also means that growers should expect oppressive humidity and high heat indexes.

With the arrival of summer conditions, the regional gardening list is filled with chores that will help ensure the garden is kept healthy and productive from summer into the fall. 

July Garden Tasks

Ohio Valley gardening in July can be challenging. First and foremost, growers will need to take precautions to ensure that they are able to keep themselves safe. Make certain to avoid working on the hottest of days. On days which require work in the garden, choose to do so either early in the morning or late in the evening while temperatures are relatively cool. The additional use of protective clothing, hats, and sunscreen can also help keep those working outside safe.

July in the Ohio Valley is a time in which irrigation schedules will need to be closely followed. This is especially true for containers, potted plants, hanging baskets, and raised beds. Though rain is likely throughout the month, it will be important that plants are not allowed to wilt. When watering plants, always make certain to water at ground level to avoid splashing the leaves. This can reduce the likelihood of various plant diseases.

During this time, it will also be essential to deadhead cut-and-come-again flowers, such as zinnias. Doing so will help to promote new growth and maintain plants through the duration of summer.

Among the biggest tasks on the regional gardening list is the continued harvest of summer crops. For many, July marks the time for large harvests of beans and tomatoes.

Though it seems counter intuitive, one of the most important July tasks for Ohio Valley gardening is the planning of the fall vegetable garden. July in the Ohio Valley is the ideal time to start plants such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts. Seed starting in warm temperatures may be difficult, but this will ensure an abundant and delicious fall crop of brassicas.

Other July gardening tasks related to maintenance include regular weeding and insect monitoring.

If there is one thing that Kentucky gardeners know, it is that weather can change quickly and unexpectedly. Knowing when and what to plant can become exceedingly difficult. When selecting flowers for Kentucky summers, careful planning is required. Kentucky summer flowers need to be tough enough to stand up to high heat, unforgiving humidity, and various soil types.

Growing Summer Flowers in Kentucky Heat

A well-established flower bed or border can create a welcoming garden space. In addition to often needed curb appeal, a profusion of blooms will be quite attractive to pollinators and beneficial insects.

While some flowers in Kentucky heat will wilt, others will thrive. To begin choosing flowering plants suited to Kentucky gardens, first consider the plant’s growth requirements and characteristics. Let’s take a closer look at several popular flower options.

• Rudbeckia – In selecting flowers in hot summer regions, many choose wildflowers. Also known as black-eyed Susan, rudbeckia plants are abundant in Kentucky meadows and along roadsides. Though the wild versions of rudbeckia may not be ideal in formal plantings, several ornamental cultivars of rudbeckia exist, specifically, Rudbeckia hirta types. Popular varieties of rudbeckia include ‘Irish Eyes’ and ‘Sahara.’
• Echinacea – Echinacea, or coneflowers, are commonly grown flowers for Kentucky summers. Especially attractive to pollinators, most cultivars bloom in various shades of purple. New varieties of this flower bloom in a range of colors like white, yellow, orange, and red. Echinacea plants can be purchased as transplants or grown from seed. Though economical to grow from seed, plants will not begin to bloom until the second growing season.
• Portulaca – Portulaca plants are ideal flowers for Kentucky heat for use as a groundcover. Highly adaptable to a wide range of soil types, portulacas are particularly able to withstand heat and drought conditions. Traditionally used in xeriscaping, they do quite well when incorporated into flower beds or containers too.
• Lantana – An immensely popular bedding plant, lantana plants will absolutely thrive in summer heat. Short plants produce several clusters of bloom per plant. Lantana plants are ideal for growers who wish to enjoy continuous color within the flower bed. These flowers are especially attractive to several types of butterflies.
• Zinnia – A garden full of Kentucky summer flowers would not be complete without the inclusion of zinnias. Ranging in size depending upon cultivar, zinnias offer a profusion of color throughout the entire summer season. Zinnias also vary greatly in terms of color. Newly introduced varieties offer even more choices.

Gardening in the Ohio Valley is well underway this month. Summer-like weather has infiltrated the area and frost is extremely rare in June. Let's take a look at what needs done in an Ohio Valley garden in June.

Ohio Valley Garden in June

As gardeners compile their regional to-do list of June gardening tasks, the focus turns from planting to tending.

Lawn

Mowing continues to be a routine chore on this area's regional to-do list. As spring rains taper off and temperatures rise, grass growth begins to slow.

• Continue to remove excessive amounts of grass clippings. These can be composted or used as mulch around garden vegetable plants, provided the lawn wasn't recently treated. 
• Mow at recommended heights to encourage deeper roots and prepare the lawn for drier weather.
• Continue to water newly seeded areas as needed.

Flowerbeds

Flower gardening in the Ohio Valley continues in the month of June. The annuals planted in May begin to fill out and flower vigorously while summer-blooming perennials open their buds for the first time.

• Regularly check mulched flowerbeds for stray weeds. Reapply pre-emergent weed prevention if needed.
• Scout for signs of pests. Use non-chemical methods whenever possible.
• Thin self-seeding flowers to avoid overcrowding.
• Fertilize roses once the first flowers begin to fade.
• The yellowing foliage from spring bulbs can now be removed.
• Deadhead plants, like peony and irises, once the flowers have faded.
• Continue watering annuals and newly planted perennials if rainfall amounts are less than one inch (2.5 cm.) per week.

Vegetables

It's harvest time for many successively planted spring crops. Take a break from June gardening tasks as you enjoy salads made with homegrown greens, spinach, radishes, baby carrots, green onions, and fresh peas. 

• Start fall Brassicaceae seedlings for planting later in the season.
• Plant carving pumpkins for Halloween jack-o-lanterns. Use the “days to maturity” information found on the seed packet to get the timing correct.
• Cucumber beetles and squash borers become abundant this month. Spray to control these pests or hold off planting cucurbits until mid-June.
• During dry spells, water recently transplanted vegetables.
• Remove suckers from tomato plants and continue tying up vining types every few days.
• By mid-June, stop harvesting asparagus and apply fertilizer.
• Harvest herbs like parsley, cilantro, and chives. Use fresh or dry for next winter. 
• Pick June-bearing strawberries.

Miscellaneous

June marks the start of summer weather and gardening in the Ohio Valley isn't the only outdoor activity on the agenda. From graduation parties to weddings, outdoor entertaining blossoms this month. Planting, pruning, and watering landscape plants helps create the perfect backdrop for hosting parties. With all the party frenzy though, don't forget to include these less exciting chores on the regional to-do list for June:

• Rejuvenate houseplants by bringing them outside for the summer season. Shade houseplants from afternoon sun and allow them to acclimate to windy conditions.
• Build a bat house to attract these insect-eating mammals to the area.
• Mount an old mailbox on a post near the garden for a handy place to keep small tools, seed packets, and a pair of gardening gloves.
• Prevent mosquitoes from ruining outdoor living. Reduce populations by eliminating breeding sites.

Nothing adds season-long color to the landscape like flowering annuals. Unlike perennials, which have a specific blooming season, annuals often flower soon after transplanting and usually continue blooming until killed by fall frosts and freezes.

Annual flowers for Central Region

If you live in the Ohio Valley or Central region, annuals can be used to bring color to flowerbeds as border plants, in planters, and hanging baskets. Central region and Ohio Valley annuals can be chosen for their flower color, plant height, and growth requirements.

Since these flowers are only grown for one season, winter hardiness is not a primary consideration when selecting species. Many times, these plants are started indoors much the same as garden vegetables. Annual flowers can be transplanted outside once the danger of frost has passed.

Additionally, many perennial flowers are grown as annuals in the Central region and Ohio Valley. These flowers survive winters in tropical or subtropical climates but may not be winter hardy in the colder climate of northern states.

Ohio Valley and Central Region Annuals

When choosing annual flowers, match the sun and soil requirements of the plants to the specific location in the flowerbed. Try planting taller annuals in the back and shorter types along walkways and borders. Using a variety of plant shapes and foliage patterns adds to the visual appeal.

To create a visually stunning garden, try choosing species by their flower color. You can pick variations of a single color palette such as the lavender of alyssum, the deeper purple of petunias, or the various hues of cleome.

Combine colors to create a patriotic display using red salvia, white petunias, and blue ageratum. Or contrast colors with shapes such as the spikes of blue salvia with the round flowers of orange marigolds.

The best part about planting Central region and Ohio Valley annuals is the ability to change the design of the flowerbed each year. Here are popular annual flower choices for the region:

• African Daisy (Arctotis stoechadifolia)
• Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum)
• Amaranth (Gomphrena globosa)
• American Marigold (Tagetes erecta)
• Alyssum (Lobularia maritima)
• Begonia (Begonia cucullata)
• Cockscomb (Celosia argentea)
• Celosia (Celosia argentea)
• Cleome (Cleome hasslerana)
• Coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides)
• Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) 
• Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus or sulphureus)
• Flowering Tobacco (Nicotiana alata)
• French Marigold (Tagetes patula)
• Geranium (Pelargonium spp.)
• Heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens)
• Impatiens (Impatiens wallerana)
• Lobelia (Lobelia erinus)
• Pansy (Viola spp.)
• Pentas (Pentas lanceolata)
• Petunia (Petunia spp.)
• Phlox (Phlox drummondii)
• Portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora)
• Blue Salvia (Salvia farinacea)
• Red Salvia (Salvia splendens)
• Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)
• Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
• Verbena (Verbena spp.)
• Vinca (Catharanthus roseus)
• Zinnia (Zinnia elegans)

Those first few warm days of spring are perfect for getting back in the groove of outdoor gardening. In the Ohio Valley, there's never a shortage of April gardening tasks to give you a jump on the upcoming growing season.

April Ohio Valley Garden To-Do List

Here are a few ideas you might want to add to your monthly gardening to-do list.

Lawn

Mowing season gets underway this month. Prepare for that first lawn mowing by adding these tasks to your gardening to-do list for April.

• Pick up debris. Remove those twigs, leaves and trash which have accumulated over the winter.
• Fill in low spots. Backfill those bumpy dips in the yard with quality top soil.
• Reseed thin areas. Fill in those bare spots with a grass seed mixture suitable for your climate.
• Apply weed prevention. Tackle crabgrass and annual weeds with pre-emergent products.
• Spring equipment maintenance. Sharpen mower blades, check belts for wear and change lawn mower oil and filters.

Flowerbeds

Bulbs continue to bloom in the April Ohio Valley garden, perennials are emerging from the ground and spring flowering shrubs are blooming.

• Clean the beds. Remove plant debris, leaves and trash. Cut back dead sedum stalks and ornamental grass stems before new growth emerges. Rake out or remove winter mulch from roses.
• Divide perennials. Dig up and split ornamental grasses, hosta and midsummer or fall blooming perennial flowers.
• Start weeding. Get a jump on those weeds when they're still small enough to tackle.
• Plant summer bulbs. Fill in empty spots in the flower garden with gladiolus, elephant ears and dahlia. 
• Edge flowerbeds. Clean up the edges of flowerbeds and remove encroaching grass. Add mulch if needed.

Vegetables

Veggie gardening in the Ohio valley begins with working the soil as some as possible in the spring. Take advantage of dry weather whenever possible.

• Amend soil. Work 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm.) of organic compost into the top 6 to 12 inches (15-30 cm.) of soil.
• Sow spring crops. Plant peas, onions, lettuce, radishes, carrots and beets. Sowing early allows these veggies to mature before summer heat results in bolting.
• Transplant cool-season crops. Broccoli, cauliflower, kale, cabbage and bok choy are a few cool-season crops which can be transplanted into the garden in April.
• Plant perennial veggies. Early spring is the ideal time to place those asparagus crowns, strawberry plants and rhubarb in the perennial garden.

Miscellaneous

Round out your April gardening to-do list with these special tasks:

• Make or empty compost bins. Make room for fresh organic material by emptying or building a new compost bin. 
• Mount a rain gauge. Stop guessing when to water. Place rain gauges in an open area. Avoid mounting gauges under trees or drip lines from roofs.
• Examine tools. Replace broken equipment and sharpen tools.
• Survey trees and shrubs. Look for winter damage or disease while the branches are barren. Trim or treat affected areas.
• Clean ponds and water features. Provide maintenance for pumps and replace filters.
• Plant a tree. Honor National Arbor Day on the last Friday of April by adding one or more trees to your landscape.

Are you looking for protection from harsh winter winds in the central U.S. states or Ohio Valley? Conifers might be the solution. Their dense foliage and evergreen characteristics make conifers ideal windbreaks. Conifers can also add vertical year-round eye appeal to the landscape and they serve as places to hang Christmas decorations. Additionally, many central U.S. and Ohio Valley conifers require little maintenance.

What are Ohio Valley and Central U.S. Conifers?

Homeowners typically think of conifers as cone-producing, Christmas tree-shaped evergreen trees. While that catch-all description does adequately describe many conifers, there are some which produce berries, others that are deciduous, and a few types are more shrub-like than tree-shaped.

Here are the main types of conifers for Ohio valley and central U.S. states:

• Pine (Pinus) – Pines prefer full sun. Common species include white pine, Austrian pine, Scotch pine, Japanese black pine, and mugo pine. The latter exhibits a dense, round, bush-like shape.
• Spruce (Picea) – Spruce trees grow best in cooler climates. Common species include Norway spruce, Black Hills spruce, Dwarf Alberta spruce, and Colorado blue spruce. The latter has a bluish-silver cast to the needles and is a popular specimen tree.
• Fir (Abies) – Firs require full sun and acidic soil with good drainage. They have flat needles and don’t tolerate pollution as well as pines. Concolor fir is one of the more popular and hardy species of conifers in central U.S. states and the Ohio Valley.
• Yews (Taxus) – Yews are dioecious (plants are specifically male or female) and are popular choices for hedges, topiaries, and geometric gardens. These long-lived conifers require pruning to keep their shape. Unlike most conifers, yews produce bright red berries. All parts of yews are poisonous to humans, pets, and livestock.
• Arborvitae (Thuja) – Arborvitae are fast-growing conifers which are popular as foundation plants and for hedges. The needles resemble a flattened, beaded cord and are arranged in a spray on the branches. They grow best in full sun.
• Juniper (Juniperus) – Species of juniper vary from the eastern red cedar to ground cover varieties. The scale-like needles are sharp and pointed. The foliage can vary in color from yellows to greens and blues. Junipers prefer full sun.
• Hemlock (Tsuga) – Not to be confused with the poisonous, biennial flowering plant of the same name, hemlock trees are not considered toxic. These shade-loving conifers grow best in acidic soil. Native species include eastern, western, mountain, and Carolina hemlock trees.
• False Cypress (Chamaecyparis) – This conifer has flattened needles similar to arborvitae. False cypress foliage exhibits a range of colors from yellow to silvery blue. Species can be tree-like or grow as shrubs. Common species include hinoki and sawara.
• Deciduous conifers – Species of conifers which lose their leaves include dawn redwood, bald cypress, and larch.