Marsh marigold plants, or Caltha palustris, are native throughout much of the United States. Large numbers of the flower can be seen in bloom in early spring. Though its common name is often a source of confusion, marsh plants are not related to other popular garden varieties of marigold, such as Calendula and Tagetes types. Other very similar imposters can be found growing wild.

Swamp marigolds are best known for their glossy, heart-like foliage and bright flowers. Under ideal conditions, short-statured plants will multiply to form expansive colonies. As their name indicates, marsh flowers are most likely to be found growing where soils remain consistently moist. This includes swamps, along ditches, near rivers, and in other low-lying areas.

As with many of their most common lookalikes, marsh marigold plants are considered toxic. Below, we will explore several species that are frequently mistaken for the plant, and examine how to identify each in greater detail.

Identifying the Most Common Marsh Marigold Lookalikes

1. Chrysogonum virginianum

Also known as “green and gold,” Chrysogonum virginianum is a perennial native plant, hardy to USDA zones 5-9. Green and gold is commonly used in the home landscape, more specifically, as a ground cover. These plants thrive in beds that drain well, and are shaded throughout the hottest parts of the day. Within their native range, Chrysogonum virginianum is most likely to be found growing in clearings or near woodlands.

2. Ficaria verna

Though swamp marigold plants can spread, they are not considered invasive in most regions. The same cannot be said for Ficaria verna, or lesser celandine. Established plants multiply quickly, growing to form dense, matted tangles that overtake or choke less vigorous native species. Lesser celandine foliage does resemble that of marsh marigold, though the flowers will differ slightly. Experts advise against the use of this plant in the home landscape, as it is easily able to escape beds and borders.

3. Geum radiatum

Also known as Appalachian avens, Geum radiatum is native to very specific regions of the United States. These plants are most commonly found growing near cliffs or rocky areas along mountaintops. In recent years, the species has become increasingly rare, and is considered to be endangered in most regions.

4. Hypoxis hirsuta

Another common native plant, Hypoxis hirsuta is a low-growing flower, frequently found in fields and near partially wooded areas. Short, grass-like foliage is likely to go unnoticed until the plant begins to flower. At this time, each produces yellow star-like blooms that are highly attractive to pollinators. Though the plant may spread where conditions are ideal, it is not likely to become invasive.

5. Ranunculus acris

Both Ranunculus acris and swamp marigold are true species of buttercup. Still, several characteristics can be used to differentiate between the two. Though both will produce bright yellow blooms, the plants’ appearance and overall growth habit are not alike in a variety of ways. Also known as meadow buttercup, acris types will produce mounds of toothy, fern-like foliage. The arrival of spring marks the production of flowers held above tall, wiry stems, which are of notable difference to marsh species. These toxic plants are often considered invasive, and may require the use of chemical or manual means to control populations.

Which Marsh Marigold Lookalikes Cause the Most Harm?

As a gardener, it can be tempting to grow species known for their ability to establish themselves and spread quickly. However, always take care to avoid those that are considered invasive. Referencing regional laws and regulations, as well as chatting with local agricultural agents before planting can help determine the best course of action. Marsh marigold lookalikes such as Ranunculus acris and Ficaria verna should never be planted in the home landscape.

Frequently Asked Questions

Marigolds are native to Mexico, but the sunny annuals have become incredibly popular and are grown in countries around the world. Although they are appreciated primarily for their beauty, you may not have considered the many surprising marigold benefits for gardens. Read on to learn about ways to use marigold plants in the garden.

Marigold Uses and Benefits

Check out the following marigold flower uses, and a few important marigold benefits for gardens.

• Nematode control – The roots and stems of marigolds emit a chemical that may suppress the population of root-knot nematodes, tiny soilborne worms that feed on the roots of ornamental plants and vegetables. It appears that French marigolds, particularly the ‘Tangerine’ variety, are most effective against the destructive pests.
• Bees and other beneficial insects – Marigolds attract ladybugs, parasitic wasps, hoverflies, and other beneficial insects that protect your plants from aphids and other harmful pests. The blooms, particularly single-bloom cultivars, also draw bees and other important pollinators.
• Adding variety to the landscape – Marigolds are available in sunny shades of orange, yellow, red, mahogany, or combinations. Flowers may be single or double, and in sizes ranging from 6 inches (15 cm.) to 3 feet (1 m.). One of the many uses for marigolds is adding variety to the landscape.
• Easy, breezy marigolds – Caring for marigolds couldn’t get much easier. The hardy plants tolerate sun, heat, drought, and nearly any well-drained soil. Marigolds are easy to grow from transplants, or you can start seeds indoors or directly in your garden. 
• Marigold companion planting – When planted nearby, marigolds may protect cruciferous plants from cabbageworms, and tomato plants from hornworms, probably because scent confuses the pests. Marigold is also a good companion when planted near bush beans, squash, cucumbers, and eggplant.

Marigolds vs. Calendula: What’s the Difference?

Calendula (Calendula officinalis) is commonly known as English marigold, Scotch marigold, or pot marigold, particularly in Europe. In spite of the familiar nicknames, calendula is a different plant from the common marigold (Tagetes spp.). However, both are members of the Asteracea family, which includes chrysanthemums and daisies. 

You may read valuable information about the medical or culinary uses of calendula or marigold. Before you consider uses for marigolds, however, take steps to learn the difference between the two. Certain parts of the calendula plant are edible, while most marigolds (with exception to specific hybrids) are toxic for humans and animals.

It’s a common question: Are marigold and calendula the same? The simple answer is no, and here’s why: Although both are members of the sunflower (Asteraceae) family, marigolds are members of the Tagetes genus, which includes at least 50 species, while calendula are members of the Calendula genus, a smaller genus with only 15 to 20 species.

You could say the two colorful, sun-loving plants are cousins, but marigold and calendula differences are notable. Read on and we’ll outline a few important differences between these plants.

Marigold vs. Calendula Plants

Why all the confusion? Probably because calendula is often known as pot marigold, common marigold, or Scotch marigold, though it isn’t a true marigold at all. Marigolds are native to South America, southwestern North America, and tropical America. Calendula is native to northern Africa and south-central Europe.

Other than being from two separate genus families and hailing from different areas, here are some ways to tell the difference between marigolds and calendulas:

• Seeds: Calendula seeds are brown, curved, and slightly bumpy. Marigold seeds are straight black seeds with white, paintbrush-like tips.
• Size: Calendula plants generally reach heights of 12 to 24 inches (31-61 cm.), depending on the species and growing conditions. They rarely exceed 24 inches (61 cm.). Marigolds, on the other hand, vary widely, with species ranging from 6 inches (15 cm.) to 4 feet (1 m.) tall.
• Aroma: Calendula flowers and leaves have a slightly sweet aroma, while the odor of marigolds is unpleasant and strangely pungent or spicy.
• Shape: Calendula petals are long and straight, and the blooms are rather flat and bowl-shaped. They may be orange, yellow, pink, or white. Marigold petals are more rectangular with rounded corners. They aren’t flat, but slightly wavy. Colors range from orange to yellow, red, mahogany, or cream.
• Toxicity: Calendula plants are edible, and all parts of the plant are safe, although they reportedly don’t taste very good. However, it’s always wise to check with a professional herbalist before eating the plant or brewing tea. Marigolds are a mixed bag. Some species may be edible, but it’s probably safest not to eat any part unless you’re absolutely sure of its safety.

Also known as African daisy, cape marigold (Dimorphotheca) is an African native that produces masses of beautiful, daisy-like blooms. Available in a wide range of shades, including white, purple, pink, red, orange, and apricot, cape marigold is often planted in borders, along roadsides, as a groundcover, or to add color alongside shrubbery.

Cape marigold propagation is easy if you can provide plenty of sunlight and well-drained soil. Let’s learn how to propagate African daisy!

Propagating Cape Marigold Plants

Cape marigold grows in most well-drained soils, but it prefers loose, dry, gritty, poor to average soil. Cape marigold propagation isn’t as effective in rich, damp soil. If the plants germinate at all, they may be floppy and leggy with minimal blooms. Full sunlight is also critical for healthy blooms.

How to Propagate African Daisy

You can plant cape marigold seeds directly in the garden, but the best time depends on your climate. If you live where winters are mild, plant in late summer or fall for blooms in spring. Otherwise, propagating cape marigold by seed is best in spring, after all danger of frost has passed.

Simply remove weeds from the planting area and rake the bed smooth. Press the seeds lightly into the soil, but don’t cover them.

Water the area lightly and keep it moist until the seeds germinate and the young plants are well-established.

You can also start cape marigold seeds indoors about seven or eight weeks ahead of the last frost in your area. Plant the seeds in loose, well-drained potting mix. Keep the pots in bright (but not direct) light, with temperatures about 65 degrees F. (18 C.).

Move the plants in a sunny outdoor location when you’re sure all danger of frost has passed. Allow about 10 inches (25 cm.) between each plant.

Cape marigold is a prolific self-seeder. Be sure to keep the blooms deadheaded if you want to prevent spread.

Cape marigold, also known as African daisy, is a pretty annual that can be grown in most zones in the U.S. Where you live and what your climate is like will determine whether you grow it as a summer or winter annual. Planting cape marigold seeds is an inexpensive way to get started with this pretty flower.

Growing Cape Marigold from Seed

Cape marigold is a pretty, daisy-like annual flower that is native to South Africa. It thrives in warm but not too hot temperatures. In hotter zones, in areas like southern California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida, you can grow this flower from seed starting in early fall for blooms in the winter. In colder regions, start seeds in late winter or early spring, outdoors after the last frost or indoors earlier.

Whether you start indoors or out, be sure you have the right conditions for the final location. Cape marigold likes full sun and soil that drains well and leans toward dry. These flowers tolerate drought well. In overly-moist conditions or wet soil, the plants get leggy and limp.

How to Sow Cape Marigold Seeds

If sowing directly outdoors, prepare the soil first by turning it and removing any other plants or debris. Sow by scattering the seeds over the turned soil. Lightly press them down, but do not let the seeds get buried. Use the same technique indoors with seed trays.

Cape marigold seed germination takes about ten days to two weeks, so plan to be ready to transplant indoor seedlings six to seven weeks after sowing.

Let your indoor seedlings grow to about 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm.) tall before transplanting. You can thin seedlings outdoors, but you can also let them grow naturally. Once they are this tall, they should be fine without regular watering unless you have especially dry conditions.

If you let your cape marigold reseed, you will get vibrant and more extensive coverage in the next growing season. To promote reseeding, let the soil dry out after your plants have finished flowering. African daisy makes a great groundcover, so let it spread to fill out an area with colorful flowers and greenery.

In springtime, when I plan my decorative containers of annuals, cape marigolds are always a go-to plant for container designs. I find their 2- to 3-inch (5-7.5 cm.), daisy-like blooms irresistible for adding unique color and texture to containers, and their medium to tall heights give me another pleasant alternative to the overused spike as a “thriller.” Of course, the key to a perfect container design is selecting the perfect varieties of annual plants.

Let’s take a closer look at some of the many available cape marigold varieties.

About Cape Marigold Plants

Cape marigolds are daisy-like plants in the Dimorphotheca family. They may be found in garden centers or online nurseries labeled as Dimorphotheca, Cape Marigold, African Daisy, or Osteospermum. Their preferred common name is usually a regional matter. They are half-hardy perennials in zones 9-10 but are generally grown as annuals. True Osteospermum plant types, however, are considered perennials.

Like most favored annuals, many new, unique varieties of cape marigold have been bred. Their blooms are not only available in a wide variety of colors, but the shape of blooms can vary too. Some cape marigold varieties are cherished for unique long petals, spoon-shaped petals, or even short petals with large, colorful center discs.

Osteospermum and Dimorphotheca Plant Varieties

Here are just some of the many beautiful Dimorphotheca plant varieties you can choose from:

• 3D Purple Osteospermum – 12- to 16-inch (30.5-40.5 cm.) tall plants bearing large, ruffled blooms with dark purple centers and light purple to pink petals.
• 4D Violet Ice – Blooms are 2 inches (5 cm.) in diameter with violet purple, frilly center disc and white to icy-blue petals.
• Margarita Pink Flare – White petals with a pink hue toward petal tips on a small, dark purple center eye. Plants grow 10-14 inches (25.5-35.5 cm.) tall and wide.
• Flower Power Spider White – Bears long white to lavender, spoon-shaped petals from small, dark blue centers. Plant grows 14 inches (35.5 cm.) tall and wide.
• Mara – Unique, three tone apricot, pink, and purple petals on yellow to green center eyes.
• Peach Symphony – Bears peach to yellow petals from dark brown to black center discs.
• Serenity Lavender Frost – White petals with a blush of lavender down near the brown to dark purple center disc.
• Serenity Purple – Light purple petals with stripes of dark purple. Dark blue to purple center disc on 14-inch (35.5 cm.) tall and wide plants.
• Soprano Compact – Produces abundant blooms on a compact 10-inch (25.5 cm.) tall and wide plant. Purple petals from dark blue center discs. Great for mass planting or borders.
• Soprano Vanilla Spoon – White, spoon-shaped petals with yellow tones and yellow to tan center discs on 2-foot (0.5 m.) tall plants.
• Yellow Symphony – Golden yellow petals with purple to black center discs and a purple halo around this disc.
• African Blue-Eyed Daisy Mix – Dark blue centers available in an assortment of petal colors on large 20-24-inch (51-61 cm.) tall and wide plants.
• Harlequin Mix – Yellow and white coloring on petals on large colorful center eyes.

Seriously, there are too many varieties of cape marigolds to mention them all. They are available in nearly any color combination and work well with most other annuals. Combine Dimorphotheca varieties with dianthus, verbena, nemesia, calibrachoa, snapdragons, petunias, and many other annuals to create a stunning display.

Cape marigolds, also known as African or cape daisies, are half-hardy perennials, but typically grown as annuals. Their daisy-like blooms, available in a wide array of vivid colors, are a pleasant addition to beds, borders, and containers. It is easy to get carried away and spend a fortune on small starter cape marigold plants each spring. However, hands-on, budget-minded gardeners may prefer to only buy a few cultivars and propagate more cape marigolds from cuttings. Read on for tips on how to root cape marigold cuttings.

About Cape Marigold Cutting Propagation

Cape marigold plants are easily sown from the seeds. However, the resulting plants won’t be true to type, or exact replicas of the parent plants. So, can you grow cape marigold cuttings? Yes. In fact, the only way to propagate exact clones of a certain cape marigold variety is from cuttings.

For example, if you wanted to do a stunning border or container filled with purple nemesia and a variety of cape marigold that bears white petals from deep purple centers, the easiest way to save money and guarantee flower color would be to root cuttings of that cape marigold – provided the plant doesn’t have a patent on it.

How to Grow Cape Marigolds from Cuttings

Cape marigold cuttings can be taken in spring and early summer. They can be planted in cells, trays, or pots. Before taking cuttings from the desired cape marigold variety, fill the planting containers with a potting mix such as peat, vermiculite, sand, and/or perlite.

Right before propagating cape marigolds from cuttings, water the potting media so it is thoroughly moistened but not soggy. A simple pencil or wooden dowel pushed straight down into the mix will make perfect holes for the cut stems.

With clean, sharp pruners, scissors, or a knife, take cuttings from soft, not woody, stems without flowers or buds yet forming on their tips. Take a cutting about 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm.) long. Trim off all the leaves except two to four at the tip of the stem.

Gently rinse the stem cutting, shake excess water off, then dip the bare stem in powdered rooting hormone and place it in a pre-made hole in the potting media. Carefully press the soil back around the stem cutting to hold it in place. After all the cuttings have been planted, place the planting tray or individual containers in a warm location with bright, indirect light.

To retain moisture for new cuttings, the containers or planting tray can be covered with clear plastic lids or bags. Water your cuttings when the first inch (2.5 cm.) of soil appears dry. Do not overwater, as the soil should remain moist but not soggy - this can cause damping off or other fungal problems.

Do not transplant cape marigold cuttings until they have formed adequate roots to support the young plant. New growth produced at the base of young plants made by cuttings will indicate that the plant has formed adequate roots and is now redirecting its energy into overall growth.

For many novice gardeners, the thought of growing and maintaining annual flowers from seed may be one that is very intimidating. These feelings continue to grow as one begins to delve further into specific feeding and watering requirements of various plants. Fortunately, even beginner gardeners are able to have great success when planting flowers that are robust, tolerant to adverse conditions, and bloom profusely. One such plant, the cape marigold, rewards growers with a deluge of bright and cheerful flowers, and both watering and feeding cape marigolds couldn’t be easier.

Feeding Cape Marigolds

Also known as Dimorphotheca, cape marigolds are small and brightly colored annual flowers. Low growing, these flowers are perfect for planting in areas which receive little rainfall. Due to their adaptability to various soil conditions, cape marigolds often spread when planted in locations with ideal growing conditions. As one may imagine, this too, means that the fertilizing needs of this plant will vary from location to location. For the most part, cape marigold plants don’t need much in the way of fertilizer. In fact, the plants tend to become leggy and unattractive when the soil becomes too rich, or even with excessive water.

How to Fertilize Cape Marigolds

Fertilizing cape marigold plants is very similar to that of feeding any other annual and perennial flowers. These are most commonly direct sowed into flower beds. As a means to encourage strong growth from the start, cape marigold fertilizer should be applied to a well amended and well-draining garden bed before the seeds are sown. Once the seeds have germinated and the plants become established, growers will need to pay special attention to the plants in their gardens. While some growers may find that feeding cape marigolds on a monthly basis is a necessity, others may find the garden soil to have an adequate amounts of nutrients. Your current soil conditions will dictate whether or not the plants require any additional feeding. Typically, the plants can get by with only a couple feedings throughout the growing season. If your soil isn’t the best, you can provide monthly applications of a balanced fertilizer – although, it’s a good idea to perform a soil test first to see what, if any, specific nutrients are lacking. This way you can adjust the feeding as necessary. Signs of over-fertilization may be apparent by lush, green growth with slowed flower production. Fertilizing cape marigolds should be done with a regular, balanced flower fertilizer composed of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. As always, make certain to read fertilizer instructions carefully to ensure that it is safe for use in the garden.

With a more vital focus on today’s water use, many drought conscious gardeners are planting landscapes that require less irrigation. In recent years, the removal of lawns as well as xeriscaping has become increasingly popular. While one may immediately consider the addition of plants such as cacti and succulent foliage, many species of flowers allow for a profusion of colorful blooms specifically suited to this growing habitat. Dimorphotheca, also known as the cape marigold, is a perfect example of a flower which thrives with minimal watering or care from home gardeners.

About Cape Marigold Water Needs

Cape marigolds are small, low-growing flowers that bloom even in arid growing conditions. Planted in spring or in fall (in mild winter areas), the small flowers range in color from white to purple and orange. Cape marigolds differ from many other varieties of flowers in that the appearance of each bloom and the overall shape of the plant improves with decreased watering. While the plants should receive some water each week, too much water will cause the plants to produce leggy green growth. This may even result in drooping flowers when in bloom. Decreased water allows for the plant to remain short and upright.

How to Water Cape Marigolds

When watering cape marigold, extra care should be taken as to avoid watering the foliage of the plant. To do so, many growers choose to use drip irrigation. Since these plants are very susceptible to fungal issues, leaf splash may be the source of development of disease. Additionally, cape marigolds should always be located in well-draining soil as a means to encourage overall healthier plant growth. As the plants begin to flower, cape marigold irrigation should become less frequent. In the case of cape marigold, water (in excess) may inhibit the plant’s ability to properly produce and drop mature seeds for the next season’s plants. Keeping cape marigold flower beds dry (and free from weeds) will help to ensure the successful reseeding of volunteer plants. While many may see this as a positive attribute, it is important to note that there has been cause for concern in regards to possible invasiveness. Before planting, always make certain to research whether or not cape marigolds are considered a nuisance plant where you live. In most cases, this information can be obtained by contacting local agricultural extension offices.

Cape marigold (Dimorphotheca), with a spring and summer daisy-like bloom, is an attractive plant and easy to grow. Sometimes, too easy, as it may spread and naturalize into nearby fields and meadows. Also called rain daisy or weather prophet, there are a few varieties of cape marigold but none are related to the marigold in spite of its most common moniker. Cape marigold problems aren’t common, but the minor issues below may affect them.

Problems with Cape Marigold Plants

Given the right conditions, problems with cape marigold may begin with their invasion and stopping it. Confine them to appropriate spots in the landscape where they can be easily contained. Deadhead regularly to prevent their spread. Soil that is too rich creates Dimorphotheca problems. This flower grows well in sandy, well-draining soil and will even grow in amended clay. An attractive covering of mulch helps retain moisture. If you’re asking what’s wrong with my cape marigold, because it is overgrowing and flopping, the soil may be too rich. Problems with cape marigolds not blooming during the hottest days of summer sometimes arise. Continue to water lightly. Blooms often return when temperatures fall back around 80 degrees F. (27 C.) or less. Cape marigold problems may include aphids drawn by tender, young foliage. If you see a swarm in that area of your plants, blast them off with the garden hose. If plants are too tender for this treatment, spray with insecticidal soap, or neem oil. Keep an eye out for them on nearby plants, as they may swarm around those too. Release a stand of ladybugs in your flower beds to make short work of bothersome aphids. Don’t allow crowding in your beds when growing this African daisy relative. Cape marigold issues include fungal disease, so good air circulation is vital. Water at the roots, since getting foliage wet increases chances of fungal issues. If you see powdery mildew on the leaves, treat with horticulture soap spray.

From August through November, hillsides near the Sonoran Desert in North America may look like they are covered in blankets of yellow. This beautiful annual scene is caused by the bloom period of Mountain Lemmon marigolds (Tagetes lemmonii), which may also bloom sporadically in spring and summer, but save their best display for autumn. Click on this article to read more about mountain marigold plants.

About Mountain Marigold Plants

We’re commonly asked, “what is bush marigold?” and the fact is the plant goes by many names. Also commonly known as Copper Canyon daisy, Mountain Lemmon marigold, and Mexican bush marigold, these plants are native to the Sonoran Desert and grow wildly from Arizona down into Northern Mexico. They are upright, evergreen to semi-evergreen shrubs which can grow 3 to 6 feet (1-2 m.) tall and wide. They are true marigold plants, and their foliage is described as heavily scented like marigold with a hint of citrus and mint. Due to their light citrus scent, in some regions they are known as tangerine scented marigolds. Mountain marigolds bear bright yellow, daisy-like flowers. These blooms may appear all year in some locations. However, in autumn the plants produce so many blooms that the foliage becomes barely visible. In the landscape or garden, the plants are oftentimes pinched or cut back in late spring to early summer as part of mountain marigold care to produce fuller plants that will become covered in blooms during late summer and fall.

How to Grow Bush Marigold Plants

If you live in an area where these plants are common, then growing mountain marigolds should be easy enough. Mountain bush marigolds can grow well in poor soil. They are also drought and heat tolerant, although the blooms may last longer with a little protection from the afternoon sun. Mountain marigolds will become leggy from too much shade or overwatering. They are excellent additions to xeriscape beds. Unlike other marigolds, mountain marigolds are extremely resistant to spider mites. They are also deer resistant and seldom bothered by rabbits.

We’re all familiar with marigolds– sunny, cheerful plants that brighten the garden all summer long. Don’t, however, confuse those old-fashioned favorites with Dimorphotheca cape marigolds, which are a different plant altogether. Also known as star of the veldt or African daisy (but not the same as Osteospermum daisy), cape marigold plants are daisy-like wildflowers that produce dazzling masses of rose pink, salmon, orange, yellow, or glistening white flowers from late spring until the first frost in autumn.

Cape Marigold Information

As the name indicates, cape marigold (Dimorphotheca sinuata) is native to South Africa. Although cape marigold is an annual in all but the warmest climates, it tends to reseed readily to produce stunning carpets of bright color year after year. In fact, if not controlled by regular deadheading, boisterous cape marigold plants can become invasive, especially in warmer climates. In cooler climates, you may need to replant every spring.

Growing Cape Marigold Annuals

Cape marigold plants are easy to grow by planting seeds directly in the garden. If you live in a warm climate, plant seeds in autumn. In climates with cold winters, wait until after all danger of frost has passed in spring. Cape marigolds are a little particular about their growing conditions. Cape marigold plants need well-drained, sandy soil and plenty of sunlight. Blooming will be dramatically decreased in too much shade. Cape marigold plants prefer temperatures below 80 degrees F. (27 C.) and probably won’t bloom when the mercury rises to temps above 90 degrees F (32 C.).

Cape Marigold Care

Cape marigold care is definitely uninvolved. In fact, once established, it’s best to leave this drought-tolerant plant to its own devices, as cape marigold becomes sprawling, leggy, and unattractive in rich, fertilized soil or with too much water. Be sure to deadhead wilted blooms religiously if you don’t want the plant to reseed.

Osteospermum vs. Dimorphotheca

Confusion exists in the gardening world regarding the difference between Dimorphotheca and Osteospermum, as both plants can share the same common name of African daisy. At one time, cape marigolds (Dimorphotheca) were included in the genus Osteospermum. However, Osteospermum is actually a member of the Calenduleae family, which is a cousin to the sunflower. Additionally, Dimorphotheca African daisies (aka cape marigolds) are annuals, whereas the Osteospermum African daisies are typically perennials.

“The marigold abroad her leaves doth spread, because the sun and her power is the same,” wrote poet Henry Constable in a 1592 sonnet. The marigold has long been associated with the sun. African marigolds (Tagetes erecta), which are actually native to Mexico and Central America, were sacred to the Aztecs, who used them as a medicine and as a ceremonial offering to the sun gods. 

Marigolds are still called the herb of the sun because of this. In Mexico, African marigolds are a traditional flower placed on altars on The Day of the Dead. Continue reading for more African marigold information.

African Marigold Information

Also called American marigolds or Aztec marigolds, African marigolds are annuals that bloom from early summer until frost. African marigolds are taller and more tolerant of hot, dry conditions than French marigolds. They also have larger flowers that can be up to 6 inches (15 cm.) in diameter. 

If deadheaded regularly, African marigold plants will usually produce many large blooms. They grow best in full sun and actually seem to prefer poor soil. Growing African marigolds or French marigolds around vegetable gardens to repel harmful insects, rabbits, and deer is a gardening habit that goes back for centuries. 

The scent of marigolds is said to deter these pests. Marigold roots also emit a substance that is toxic to harmful root nematodes. This toxin can stay in the soil for a few years. 

Be careful when handling marigolds because some people can get skin irritations from the plant’s oils. While marigolds deter pests, they attract bees, butterflies, and ladybugs to the garden.

How to Grow African Marigolds

African marigold plants propagate easily from seed started indoors four to six weeks before last frost date or sown directly in the garden after all danger of frost has passed. Seeds usually germinate in 4 to 14 days. African marigold plants can also be purchased at most garden centers in the spring. 

When planting or transplanting African marigold plants, be sure to plant them slightly deeper than they were originally growing. This helps them stabilize to support their heavy flower tops. Tall varieties may need to be staked for support. These are some popular African marigold varieties:

• Jubilee
• Gold Coin
• Safari
• Galore
• Inca
• Antigua
• Crush
• Aurora

Easy to grow and brightly colored, marigolds add cheer to your garden all summer long. Like other blossoms, though, these pretty yellow, pink, white, or yellow flowers fade. Should you start removing spent marigold flowers? Marigold deadheading does help keep the garden looking its best and encourages new blooms. Read on for more information about deadheading marigold plants.

Should I Deadhead Marigolds?

Deadheading is the practice of removing a plant’s spent flowers. This procedure is said to promote new flower growth. Gardeners debate its utility since plants in nature deal with their own faded blossoms without any assistance. So, it’s no surprise you ask, “Should I deadhead marigolds?” Experts say that deadheading is largely a matter of personal preference for most plants, but with highly modified annuals such as marigolds, it is an essential step to keep the plants blooming. So, the answer is a resounding, yes.

Deadheading Marigold Plants

Deadheading marigold plants keeps those cheery flowers coming. Marigolds are annuals and not guaranteed to flower repeatedly. They can populate your garden beds all summer long, however, simply by regular marigold deadheading. Marigolds, like cosmos and geraniums, bloom the entire growing season if you get busy removing spent marigold flowers. Don’t expect to limit your work deadheading marigold plants to one week or even one month. This is a job you will work at all summer long. Removing spent marigold flowers is a process that should continue as long as the plants are in bloom. If you want to know when to deadhead marigolds, start when you see the first faded blossom and keep on marigold deadheading all summer long.

How to go about Marigold Deadheading

You don’t need training or fancy tools to make a success of removing spent marigold flowers. It’s an easy process you can even do with your fingers. You can use pruners or just pinch off the faded flower heads. Make sure to snip off the flower pods that have started developing behind the flower too. Your marigold garden may look perfect today, but then you’ll see faded blossoms tomorrow. Continue removing the dead and wilted flowers as they appear.

Marigold blossoms are a bright, sunny yellow, but the foliage below the flowers is supposed to be green. If your marigold leaves are turning yellow, you’ve got marigold leaf problems. To learn what might be causing your yellowing marigold leaves, read on.

Marigold Leaf Problems

Yellow leaves on marigolds can be attributed to many things.

Powdery Mildew – The most familiar symptom of a powdery mildew infection is powder. Powdery white blotches form on the leaves and stems of a plant. This may not seem relevant to your marigolds with yellow leaves. However, when leaves are severely infected, they can twist or turn yellow due to this infection.

What to do when you have powdery mildew as one of your marigold leaf problems? As soon as you spot that powder, wash it off thoroughly with the hose. You may prevent further infection by thinning your plants so that air can pass between them.

Aster Yellows – When you have marigolds with yellow leaves, your plants may be infected with a disease called aster yellows. Aster yellows is caused by a very small organism known as a phytoplasma. When this phytoplasma gets into the leaves of plants, they are discolored to yellow or red. This may be what is causing your yellowing marigold leaves.

The phytoplasmas are transferred from plant to plant by leafhoppers. These insect pests ingest plant sap through their sucking mouth parts. As they do so, they also get some of the phytoplasmas. The insects transfer them to any plant they subsequently eat from. You cannot cure marigolds with aster yellows. Your best bet is to dig them up and destroy them and try again.

Leaf Burn – When you see that your marigold leaves are turning yellow, ask yourself whether you’ve given the plants any micronutrient solutions lately. If so, your plants may have leaf burn, the result of excess boron, manganese, or other nutrients.

You’ll know your plants have leaf burn if the yellow leaves on marigolds are actually a yellowing of the tips and margins of the leaves. Prevent this issue by measuring micronutrient solutions with care before applying.

Pest Attacks - When you notice yellowing or browning of the leaves, this could also be attributed to insect pests. Although marigolds are not bothered by too many insects, and may even deter most of them, the plants can, on occasion, find themselves victim to pests like mealybugs. Oftentimes, treatment with neem oil can help with this.

How do marigolds help a garden? Scientists have discovered that using marigolds around plants such as roses, strawberries, potatoes, and tomatoes deters root knot nematodes, tiny worms that live in the soil. Although it hasn’t been proven, many long-time gardeners claim that marigolds also control pests like tomato hornworms, cabbageworms, thrips, squash bugs, whiteflies, and others. Do marigolds keep bugs away? The best way to find out is to experiment in your own garden, and you really can’t go wrong. Marigolds are beautiful, and there’s no doubt that they attract a variety of beneficial insects that prey on bad bugs, which is a very positive attribute indeed! Read on to learn more about marigold plants and pests.

How Do Marigolds Keep Bugs Away?

Research indicates that marigold plant roots produce toxic chemicals that kill root knot nematodes, as well as other harmful nematodes that feed on plant roots. When it comes to using marigolds for pest control, French marigolds have proven to be the most effective. Plow the marigolds into the soil at the end of the growing season to provide even more control of nematodes. Although there is plenty of evidence to support the claim that marigolds help control nematodes, there is no scientific proof as of yet that marigolds control other garden pests. However, as noted above, many gardeners are convinced that using marigolds around plants is a very good gardening practice. Why? Apparently, it’s the pungent scent of marigolds that keeps pests at bay.

Planting Marigolds for Pest Control

Plant marigolds generously for the control of pests around vegetables and ornamental plants. Arrange the marigolds any way you like. For example, plant marigolds around the perimeter of the garden, in rows between rows of vegetables, or in groupings. Be sure the marigolds are scented, however, as many newer, hybrid varieties don’t have as much of the familiar marigold aroma.

Marigolds are easygoing plants that bloom reliably, even in direct sunlight, punishing heat and poor to average soil. Although they are beautiful in the ground, growing marigolds in containers is a surefire way to enjoy this delightful plant. Read on to learn how to grow marigolds in containers.

Potted Marigold Plants

Any type of marigold can be grown in containers, but keep in mind that some types, such as African marigolds, can reach heights of up to 3 feet (1 m.) and may be too large for standard containers. Most gardeners like to plant smaller container grown marigolds. For example, French marigolds are small, bushy plants that reach heights of only 6 to 18 inches (15 to 20 cm.), depending on the variety. They are available in orange, yellow, mahogany or bicolor, and in double or single blooms. Signet marigolds are another good choice for potted marigold plants. The bushy plants have attractive, lacy foliage and orange, yellow or rusty red blooms.

Caring for Marigolds in Pots

Don’t crowd potted marigold plants, as healthy marigolds require plenty of air circulation. One marigold is enough for a 6-inch (15 cm.) pot, but you can grow two or three in a 12-inch (30 cm.) pot, and five or more small plants in a large container with a diameter of 18 inches (45 cm.). Be sure the container has a drainage hole in the bottom. Use a good quality, lightweight potting mix. A handful of sand, perlite or vermiculite improves drainage. Place the pot where the marigold is exposed to at least six hours of sunlight. Water the marigold when the top 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm.) of soil is dry. Water deeply, then let the soil dry before watering again. Never allow the soil to remain soggy, as wet conditions invite root rot and other moisture-related diseases. Pinch the tips of newly planted marigolds once or twice to encourage bushy plants. Deadhead the plants regularly to trigger new blooms. Apply a water-soluble fertilizer every month, but don’t over-fertilize. Too much fertilizer or overly rich soil can produce weak plants with few blooms.

Marigolds are bright, cheerful, heat and sun-loving annuals that bloom dependably from early summer until the first frost in autumn. However, marigolds are appreciated for much more than their beauty; marigold and tomato companion planting is a tried-and-true technique used by gardeners for hundreds of years. What are the benefits of growing tomatoes and marigolds together? Read on to learn all about it.

Planting Marigolds with Tomatoes

So why do marigolds and tomatoes grow well together? Marigolds and tomatoes are good garden buddies with similar growing conditions. Research studies have indicated that planting marigolds between tomatoes protects the tomato plants from harmful root-knot nematodes in the soil.

Although scientists tend to be skeptical, many gardeners are convinced that the pungent scent of marigolds also discourages a variety of pests such tomato hornworms, whiteflies, thrips, and maybe even rabbits!

Growing Tomatoes and Marigolds Together

Plant tomatoes first, and then dig a hole for a marigold plant. Allow 18 to 24 inches (46-61 cm.) between the marigold and the tomato plant, which is close enough for the marigold to benefit the tomato but allows plenty of space for the tomato to grow. Don’t forget to install a tomato cage.

Plant the marigold in the prepared hole. Water the tomato and marigold deeply. Continue to plant as many marigolds as you like. Note: You can also plant marigold seeds around and between tomato plants, as marigold seeds germinate quickly. Thin the marigolds when they’re 2 to 3 inches (5-78 cm.) tall to prevent overcrowding.

Once the plants are established, you can water the marigold plants along with the tomatoes. Water both at the surface of the soil and avoid overhead watering, as wetting the foliage may promote disease. Watering early in the day is best.

Be careful not to overwater marigolds, however, as they are susceptible to rot in soggy soil. Allow the soil to dry between waterings.

Deadhead marigolds regularly to trigger continued blooming throughout the season. At the end of the growing season, chop the marigolds with a shovel and work the chopped plants into the soil. This is an effective way to use marigolds for nematode control.

Marigolds are some of the most rewarding annuals you can grow. They’re low maintenance, they’re fast-growing, they repel pests, and they’ll provide you with bright, continuous color until the fall frost. Since they’re so popular, live plants are available at just about any garden center. However, it’s a lot cheaper and more fun growing marigolds by seed. Keep reading to learn more about how to plant marigold seeds.

When to Sow Marigolds

When to sow marigold seeds really depends upon your climate. Planting marigold seeds at the right time is important. Marigolds are very frost sensitive, so they should not be sown outdoors until all chance of frost has passed. If your final frost date is late, you’ll really benefit from planting marigold seeds indoors four to six weeks before the last frost.

How to Plant Marigold Seeds

If you’re starting indoors, sow the seeds in a well-draining, rich, soilless growing medium in a warm place. Scatter the seeds on top of the mix, then cover them with a very fine layer, less than ¼ inch (6 mm.), of more medium. Marigold seed germination usually takes five to seven days. Separate your seedlings when they’re 2 inches (5 cm.) tall. 

When all chance of frost has passed, you can transplant your marigolds outside. If you’re planting marigold seeds outdoors, pick a location that receives full sun. Marigolds can grow in a variety of soils, but they prefer rich, well-draining soil if they can get it. Scatter your seeds on the ground and cover them with a thin layer of very fine soil. 

Water gently and regularly over the next week to keep the soil from drying out. Thin your marigolds when they’re a few inches (8 cm.) high. Short varieties should be spaced a foot (31 cm.) apart, and tall varieties should be 2 to 3 feet (61-91 cm.) apart.

Getting a marigold to flower usually isn’t a difficult task, as the hardy annuals usually bloom nonstop from early summer until they are nipped by frost in autumn. If your marigolds will not bloom, the fix is usually fairly simple. Read on for a few helpful suggestions.

Help, My Marigolds are Not Blooming!

Marigold plants not flowering? In order to get more blooms on your marigolds, it helps to understand the most common reasons for no flowers on marigolds. Fertilizer – If your soil is moderately rich, no fertilizer is needed. If your soil is poor, limit fertilizer to an occasional light feeding. Marigolds in excessively rich (or overfertilized) soil may be lush and green but may produce few blooms. This is one of the primary reasons for marigold plants not flowering. Sunshine – Marigolds are sun-loving plants. In shade, they may produce foliage, but few blooms will appear. Lack of adequate sunlight is a very common reason for no flowers on marigolds. If this is the problem, move the plants to a location where they are exposed to full sunlight all day. Soil – Marigolds aren’t fussy about the type of soil, but good drainage is an absolute must. Often, marigolds will not bloom in soggy soil, and may develop a fatal disease known as root rot. Water – Keep marigolds moist the first few days after planting. Once they are established, water them deeply once per week. Water at the base of the plant to keep the foliage dry. Avoid overwatering to prevent root rot and other moisture-related diseases. Marigold maintenance – Deadhead marigold plants regularly to trigger continued blooming until fall. Marigolds will not bloom but, instead, will go to seed early if they “think” their job is done for the season. Pests - Most pests aren’t attracted to marigolds, but spider mites may be a problem, especially in dry, dusty conditions. Additionally, a stressed or unhealthy marigold plant may be bothered by aphids. Proper care and regular application of insecticidal soap spray should take care of both pests.

As far as annual flowers go, you can hardly do better than marigolds. Marigolds are easy to grow, low maintenance, and a reliable source of bright color. They’re also famous for repelling harmful bugs, making them an excellent low impact and totally organic choice for pest management. Marigold seeds aren’t exactly expensive, but they do have to be replanted every year. Why not try collecting and storing marigold seeds this year? Keep reading to learn how to harvest marigold seeds.

Collecting Seeds from Marigold Flowers

Collecting seeds from marigold flowers is easy. That being said, the plants don’t form recognizable seed pods, so finding the seeds is tricky if you don’t know where to look. The first thing you need to do is wait for the flowers to fade and dry. Choose a flower head that is very withered and dried out. It should be mostly brown, with just a little bit of green left at the base. This green means it’s less likely to have started rotting. Cut the flower head from the plant a few inches (8 cm.) down the stem so as not to damage the seeds. Pinch the withered petals of the flower between your thumb and index finger of one hand, and the base of the flower head with the other hand. Gently pull your hands in opposite directions. The petals should slide clear of the base with a bunch of pointy black spears attached. These are your seeds.

Marigold Seed Saving

After collecting seeds from marigold flowers, lay them out for a day or so to dry. Storing marigold seeds is best done in a paper envelope so any additional moisture can escape. Plant them in the spring and you’ll have a whole new generation of marigolds. One thing to remember: when you’re collecting marigold seeds, you can’t necessarily depend upon getting a true copy of the parent’s flowers. If the plant you’ve harvested from is an heirloom, its seeds will produce the same kind of flowers. However, if it’s a hybrid (which is likely if you’ve gotten cheap plants from a garden center), then the next generation probably won’t look the same. There’s nothing wrong with this-- it can actually be very exciting and interesting. Just don’t be disappointed if the flowers you get look different from the flowers you had.

Many of our favorite herbs and flowers can be beneficial partner plants in the garden. Some repel bad insects, others fix nitrogen in the soil and still others attract pollinators necessary for fruit to develop. If you have a bad and annoying bee population that you wish to repel without chemicals, searching among plant companions may be a good idea. Do marigolds repel bees? Marigolds emit quite a stench and may have the potential to deter some bees from hanging around, at least in high numbers.

Do Marigolds Repel Bees?

Honeybees are beneficial insects that drive pollination to many of our plants. However, there are other insects that we lump into the classification of "bees," which can be irritating and even down-right dangerous. These might include hornets and yellow jackets, whose swarming behavior and vicious stings can ruin any outdoor picnic. Using natural methods to repel these insects is smart when animals and children are present. Planting marigolds to deter bees may be just the right solution. Marigolds are common companion plants, especially for food crops. Their pungent odor seems to ward off numerous insect pests, and some gardeners even report they keep away other pests, like rabbits. Their sunny, golden lion-like heads are an excellent foil for other blooming plants, and marigolds bloom all season. As to the question, "will marigolds keep bees away," there is no proven science that they will, but a lot of folk wisdom seems to indicate that they can. The plants do not repel honeybees, however. Marigolds and honeybees go together like beans and rice. So increase your marigolds and honeybees will come flocking.

Planting Marigolds to Deter Bees

Bees see light differently than us, which means they also see color differently. Bees see colors in the ultraviolet spectrum so the tones are in black and gray. So color isn't really the attractor for honeybees. What attracts the bees is scent and the availability of nectar. While the scent of marigolds may be rather repulsive to us, it doesn't particularly bother a honeybee who is after the nectar and, in the process, pollinates the flower. Does it repel other bees? Wasps and yellow jackets aren't after nectar in spring and summer when they are most active. Instead, they are seeking protein in the form of other insects, caterpillars, and yes, even your ham sandwich. Marigolds are, therefore, unlikely to be of any interest to them and they won't be drawn to their scent or need their nectar. We haven't really got a definitive answer on whether marigolds can repel invading bee species. This is because even bee keepers seem to differ on whether they can prevent carnivorous bees. The advice we can give is that marigolds are lovely to look at, they come in a wide array of tones and forms, and they bloom all summer long so why not put some around your patio. If they do double duty as insect deterrents, that is a bonus. Many longtime gardeners swear by their use and the flowers do seem to repel many other pest insects. Marigolds are widely available and economical to grow from seed. In the battle against picnic pests, their attributes seem to add up to a winning experiment with many other advantages.

Marigolds are common companion plants, which appear to repel many pest insects. They are fairly resistant to insect issues, but diseases in marigold plants are an occasional problem. The most prevalent diseases are fungal and affect stems, leaves, and roots. Marigold plant diseases are relatively easy to diagnose and treat, however. In fact, most can be cured by using different cultural methods.

Common Marigold Diseases

Among the most common marigold diseases are blights, rots, and mildews. Usually, these types of diseases show up when conditions are wet and warm, and fungal spores are rampant. In most cases, simply discontinuing overhead watering can stop the formation and spread of spores. As mentioned, fungal marigold plant diseases occur most often. These might be Aster yellows, wilt, and stem rot, collar rot, flower bud rot, and damping off when in the seedling phase. Fungicide applications can help in controlling diseases of marigold caused by fungus along with avoiding overhead irrigation. Powdery mildew is another fungal disease that affects all kinds of plants. It is recognized by a powdery white film on leaves and other surfaces. Spraying a mixture of baking soda, water, and a touch of dish soap is an effective weapon. Correct timing when watering plants will allow the moisture to dry on foliage and is another effective strategy to avoid fungal diseases like this. Additionally, ensure that you have correct drainage in your containers and beds.

Other Diseases in Marigold Plants

While many issues can be caused by inadequate nutrients, nutrient excesses in soil can also lead to many plant ailments. Leaf burn, where the tips of leaves and new growth yellow and die, is the result of surplus boron, manganese, or molybdenum. When using fertilizer, be certain your soil needs the amount of nutrients it contains. Soil levels for boron should be 55 parts per million, manganese 24 ppm, and molybdenum just 3 ppm. It may be necessary to perform a soil test to determine what nutrients are already in the soil. Marigolds are not tolerant of low pH soils. This causes manganese or iron toxicity, which will cause leaves to brown and speckle. If pH is too low, you will need to amend the soil with lime for the next year's plants. Bacterial leaf spot is another disease in marigold plants. Unfortunately, the entire plant must be destroyed to prevent spreading the disease.

Controlling Diseases of Marigold

Hindsight is 20/20, but prevention is a crucial part of the strategy.

• Most marigold plant diseases will be due to fungal spores, so correct watering is key.
• Removing infected plant material can also help limit the spread of disease.
• Amend soil with well-rotted compost. If you have heavy clay soil, add sand or other grit to loosen the soil.
• Use containers that drain well and avoid using saucers, which can catch water and cause root rot.
• Use pathogen free potting mixes or sterilize your soil before planting marigolds. If you had an infected plant in the past, use bleach to clean containers before installing any new plant species.
• Choose French and dwarf varieties of marigold, rather than the African species.

Fortunately, problems with marigolds are rare and easily fixed, leaving you with happy plants and a season of golden blooms.

Marigolds are one of the more common annual flowers and with good reason. They bloom all summer and, in many areas, through the fall, lending vibrant color to the garden for months on end. For the most part, marigolds are planted for annual color in pots and gardens, or sometimes around other plants to repel insects. Did you know though that marigold flowers are edible? Read on for information about growing edible marigolds.

Marigolds as Food

Marigolds have an extensive history. They were revered by the Aztecs and used medicinally, ornamentally, and in religious rites. The Spanish and Portuguese explorers seized upon these golden blooms, not quite gold but golden nonetheless, and brought them back to Europe. There they were referred to as “Mary’s Gold” in deference to the Virgin Mary as well as a nod to their gilded hues. Marigolds are used in Pakistan and India to dye cloth and make flower garlands for harvest festivals. Here marigolds are used as food as well. The ancient Greeks also used marigolds as food, or rather in it. The use of marigolds is for the most part to add brilliant color, much like saffron threads, to impart a gorgeous golden hue to dishes. In fact, marigolds are sometimes referred to as the “poor man’s saffron.” Edible marigold flowers are said to taste mildly citrusy to subtly spicy to, well, like a marigold. Whatever you think of their flavor, the flowers are indeed edible and if nothing else a feast for the eyes.

How to Grow Marigolds to Eat

The Tagetes hybrids or Calendula members are generally the cultivars used for growing edible marigold flowers. Calendula is not technically a marigold, as it is not botanically related; however, it is often called “pot marigold” and confused with the Tagetes genus of marigolds, so I mention it here. Some choices when growing edible marigold flowers include:

• ‘Bonanza Mix’
• ‘Flagstaff’
• ‘Inca II’
• ‘Lemon Gem’
• 'Tangerine Gem'
• Red Gem'
• ‘Vanilla Improved’
• ‘Zenith’
• ‘Bon Bon’
• ‘Flashback Mix’

There are many other varieties of marigold that can be grown as edibles, so this is just a partial list of some of the hybrids available. Marigolds are easy to grow and can be started from seed or transplants. Grow them in full sun with well-draining, fertile soil. If you start them from seed, plant them indoors six to eight weeks before the last frost date in your area. Thin the marigold seedlings and space tall varieties 2 to 3 feet (61-91 cm.) apart or shorter marigolds a foot (31 cm.) apart. Thereafter, caring for your marigolds is simple. Keep the plants consistently watered but not drenched. Deadhead the blossoms to encourage additional blooming. Marigolds self-sow and will often repopulate an area of the garden in successive seasons, lending their brilliant gold hues and providing you with a steady profusion of blossoms to add to salads, teas, stir fries, soups, or any dish that needs a little color.

Marigolds are dependable bloomers that add a spark of bright color to the garden throughout summer and early autumn. Gardeners value these popular plants for more than their appearance, as many think they have pest-repellent properties that help keep nearby plants healthy and free of harmful bugs. Read on to learn about companion planting with marigold flowers.

Benefits of Marigold Plant Companions

Scientific research doesn’t always back up claims that marigold companion planting repels pests, but gardeners with years of hands-on experience say otherwise. Your mileage may vary, so experiment with different combinations to discover what works best in your garden. It certainly never hurts to try planting a few marigold plant companions in your garden. In fact, Cornell Cooperative Extension says that marigolds just might keep a number of pests in check, including:

• Aphids
• Cabbage maggots
• Potato beetles
• Corn earworms
• Cucumber beetles
• Flea beetles
• Japanese beetles
• Nematodes
• Squash bugs

Marigolds have a distinctive aroma that may even discourage rabbits from nibbling your prize posies.

What to Plant with Marigolds

There are a number of vegetable plants that can benefit from the addition of marigolds in the garden. Here are some common vegetables that enjoy marigold companions:

• Cucumbers
• Melons
• Eggplants
• Squash
• Potatoes
• Lettuce
• Pumpkins
• Tomatoes
• Asparagus
• Beans
• Onions

When planting flowers and foliage plants as marigold plant companions, select those that share the same growing conditions. Marigolds are drought-tolerant plants that thrive in sunny, hot weather. They aren’t fussy about soil type, but well-drained soil is an absolute must. Consider size as well, as marigolds range from petite, 6-inch (15 cm.) French marigolds to 3-foot (1 m.) African marigolds that show up best in the back of the flower bed. While you can plant marigolds alongside flowers of similar hues, you can also choose plants in complementary colors. For example, blue and purple flowers are complementary for orange and yellow marigolds. A color wheel can help you determine what complementary colors might work in your garden. Here are a few ideas to help you decide what to plant with marigolds:

• Allium
• Coreopsis
• Dusty miller
• Angelonia
• Gerbera daisies
• Asters
• Salvia
• Lantana
• Bachelor buttons
• Lavender
• Clematis
• Roses
• Geranium
• Zinnias

Marigolds are one of our most beloved flowers but they have many secrets few people know. These cheery blooms are native to the Americas and often confused with their cousins, the European calendulas. Since the Aztec period, marigold flower history has encompassed medicine, spirituality, cuisine and even magic. The many uses of marigold flowers throughout time weave an interesting history of marigolds and their importance in our lives, past and present.

Marigold Flower History

As part of an annual flower bed or container, marigolds can't be beat as they add their golden glory to accent other tones and hues. These sunny little flowers have more up their sleeve than just cuteness and All American innocence. Marigolds were once a sacred flower for the Aztecs, who attributed healing and even magical powers to the plant.

There are many marigold plant facts that are confusing and untrue. It's time to do some checking and find out the true story behind the mysterious marigold. The only thing certain is that marigolds were first grown in the New World. The plants are native to the Americas from Argentina to New Mexico and Arizona. The Aztecs raised the flowers and even bred them for bigger and better blooms.

The scuttlebutt is that the Spanish took seeds from the Aztecs and, over time, these migrated to France. Hybrids and cultivars became a French specialty, especially in the Tagetes patula species, or French marigold. From France, the seed made its way to Africa where a particular species of tall marigold became naturalized. These are the African marigolds (Tagetes erecta) that have become popular, but make no mistake they are still not from Africa, just very happy there now that they have made it to that continent.

This moving around is why marigold flower history is slightly murky and difficult to sort out.

Marigold Flowers Throughout Time

Marigold flowers throughout time have been used for a variety of purposes. Medicinally, they are used as an antiseptic and are even reported to cure hiccups. The plant also contains compounds which make it antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory.

This amazing plant has been a part of treating humans for a very long time. Perhaps that is what made the Aztecs think it was sacred. The first recorded use of the plant as a medicinal was in De La Crus-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552. The plant also has insecticidal properties.

It is used for its essential oils and as a food color as well. In fact, in centuries past, the petals of the bright flowers were used as a substitute for saffron and colored things like butter and cakes. It was also a flavoring in soups and stews. Mexicans use it to decorate graves during the All Saints and All Souls celebrations. They are also part of Hindu ceremonial decor. The history of marigolds gets more confusing when you start looking at species, similar plants and varieties.

The question of origin is solved but throughout time people have called many plants "marigold." Will the real marigold please stand up? Scientifically, any plant in the Tagetes family is a New World marigold. The common name refers to the color and is derived from "Mary's Gold."

A common misconception is that the English cousin, calendula, is a marigold. It is often called marigold but is not a true species in the genus Tagetes. The name Tagetes refers to an Italian god named Tages. The species that naturalized in Africa was collected and taken back to Spain where it was mistakenly classed as a different species and called Flos africanus. It was known by this incorrect name until sometime in the 1700's when the species was correctly designated. By the 1920's, the plant was "reintroduced" to the Americas and its popularity soared.

Today, there are hundreds of cultivars and hybrids from the original Tagetes. The plant now comes in varied colors, scentless, hybrids and triploids, providing a marigold for just about every taste and need.

Gardening by USDA zone is important because it allows you to choose plants appropriate for your area’s climate. Zone 8 is one of the warmer zones, so there are plenty of options for plants that will not just survive but thrive in your garden. Zone 8 plants are diverse and include trees, shrubs, perennials, and annual flowers.

Gardening in zone 8 gives you plenty of plant options, but there are still some limitations. It’s important to understand the USDA planting zone map and what it tells you about zone 8, so you can garden successfully.

USDA zones are defined by average annual extreme minimum winter temperatures, or in other words, how cold it can possibly get in winter. Plants that can survive these minimums are suitable to grow in the zone. Zone 8 extreme winter minimums range from 10 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit (-12.2 to -6.7 Celsius). This is a region known for its hot summers and mild winters, and there are plenty of hardy zone 8 plants to choose from.

Zone 8 includes large areas of southern and southeastern states, like North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Other states that have smaller pockets of zone 8 include Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii.

Zone 8 Perennials

• Creeping Thyme. Creeping thyme (Thymus spp.) is a low-growing type of thyme that is suitable for zone 8 and can be used as an attractive ground cover. Depending on the type, creeping thyme will grow between 2 and 6 inches (5 and 15 cm) tall. It grows best in full sun and will reward you with abundant small flowers in shades of pink, purple, or white. Keep the soil moist during hot weather or drought. Find creeping thyme seeds at Amazon.
• Coneflower. Purple coneflower is the classic type, but you can now find all kinds of Echinacea species in different colors and petal types. Native coneflowers grow in zones 4 through 8 and attract birds and pollinators to the garden. These zone 8 perennials tolerate poor soil and are easy to grow in partial shade. They also tolerate drought well but will bloom more consistently if the soil stays moist. Heirloom purple coneflower seeds can be found at Amazon.
• Bleeding Heart. For shady areas of the garden, consider planting bleeding hearts (Lamprocapnos spectabilis). While it can tolerate some sun in warmer regions, this is a true shade plant for zone 8. Bleeding heart is known for its unique flowers in red, pink, or white, which are shaped like hearts and hang from arching branches. The soil for bleeding hearts should be rich and moist, and must drain well. Bleeding heart bare roots can be purchased from the Home Depot.

Annual Plants for Zone 8

• Marigolds. It’s hard to beat the cheerful, colorful blooms of all types of marigolds (Tagetes spp.). These are true annuals wherever they are grown, completing a complete life cycle in one growing season. The sizes of marigolds vary depending on type, and the colors can be all shades of red, yellow, and orange. Grow marigolds in full sun for the best blooms. They are not picky about soil type, but they should be watered as it dries out. Farmer's Almanac marigold seeds can be found at Amazon.
• Zinnias. Zinnia elegans is a classic summer annual. Zinnias grow fast and bloom readily throughout summer and fall, even with little care or maintenance. They’re even easy to start from seed. These days, you can find many varieties of zinnias in all kinds of colors, even green. Grow these zone 8 annuals in full sun in rich soil that drains well. Zinnias tolerate drought, but they’ll benefit from watering during very dry conditions. Find lots of gorgeous zinnia seeds from Burpee.
• Ornamental Peppers. Capsicum annuum, ornamental peppers, are a fun alternative to annual flowers. The blooms open in summer, but the real show is the abundance of small, colorful peppers that develop after the flowers. Peppers grow best in full sun and rich soil that drains well. Water your peppers regularly and don’t let the soil dry out or get soggy. Don’t plant them outside until all risk of frost has passed. Find hot Thai ornamental pepper seeds from True Leaf Market.

Trees for Zone 8

• Eastern Redbud. Cercis canadensis is a beautiful native tree suited to zone 8 yards and gardens. It’s small, only growing to about 30 feet (9 m) tall and wide. It blooms with pink or white flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. Redbud trees grow best in full sun and can tolerate even poor soils. They do need watering during droughts. Find eastern redbud trees for sale at Fast Growing Trees.
• Southern Magnolia. Another flowering tree to consider for your zone 8 garden is the classic southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora). This type of magnolia can grow up to 80 feet (24 m) tall and blooms in spring and summer with creamy, pink-touched white flowers. Southern magnolias prefer moist, well-drained, and fertile soils. They don’t tolerate drought well until they are established, so water young trees as needed. Find a southern magnolia tree for sale from Nature Hills Nursery.
• Live Oak. If you garden in zone 8, you are lucky enough to be just within the right range for growing this majestic southern tree. Quercus virginiana is known for its large spread (up to 100 feet or 30 m wide) and low, horizontal branches, perfect for climbing. Live oaks are also very long-lived. They grow best in medium to moist soil and thrive in humid conditions. Purchase a live oak tree from Fast Growing Trees.

Shrubs for Zone 8

• Carolina Allspice. Calycanthus floridus is a great option for a native shrub in zone 8. Also called sweet shrub, it can grow up to 9 feet (2.7 m) tall and blooms in spring with non-showy but very fragrant flowers. Grow Carolina allspice in sun or partial shade and water only during drought. This shrub can be trained into a hedge and will withstand strong winds. Carolina allspice shrubs can be purchased from Native Wildflowers Nursery.
• Camellia. Camellia (Camellia spp.) is not native to North America, but it’s a worthy choice for zone 8 gardens. This broadleaf evergreen blooms in late fall, winter, and early spring with stunning flowers in shades of pink, red, lavender, yellow, or white. Camellia shrubs grow up to 12 feet (3.7 m) tall but grow slowly and are long-lived. They grow best in moist, rich soil with some shade. Give them plenty of space to grow into their full size. Fast Growing Trees has a wonderful selection of camellia shrubs in shades of pink, white, and red.
• Abelia. All varieties of abelia (Abelia spp.) are easy to grow and can be as tall as ten feet (3 m). You can find evergreen and deciduous types. Abelia is notable for its colorful foliage that changes throughout the seasons and the abundance of flowers that bloom throughout the growing season. Abelia shrubs grow best in moist soil that drains well and is fertile. They can grow in full sun or partial shade. Full sun allows for the most vibrant colors and abundant blooms. 'Kaleidoscope' abelia from Fast Growing Trees makes an excellent addition to Zone 8 gardens.

Zone 8 Edible Gardens

If you live in Zone 8, your region has mild winters with the low temperatures between 10 and 20 degrees F. (10 and -6 C.). Most Zone 8 areas have temperate summer climates with cooler nights and a long growing season. This combination allows for lovely flowers and thriving vegetable plots.

Zone 8 Vegetables

When you are growing vegetable gardens in Zone 8, you can plant most of the familiar vegetables, sometimes even twice a year. In this zone, you can put in your vegetable seeds early enough to contemplate successive plantings. Try this with cool-season vegetables like carrots, peas, celery, and broccoli.

Cool season vegetables grow in temperatures 15 degrees cooler than warm season veggies. Salad greens and green leafy vegetables, like collards and spinach, are also cool-season vegetables and will do well as Zone 8 plants. Sow these seeds early – in early spring or even late winter – for good eating in early summer. Sow again in early fall for a winter harvest.

Zone 8 Perennial Edibles

You can grow herbaceous perennial edibles that come back year after year like:

• Artichokes
• Asparagus
• Cardoon
• Prickly pear cactus
• Rhubarb
• Strawberries

Zone 8 Backyard Orchard Trees

When you are growing plants in Zone 8, think fruit trees and brambles. So many types of fruit trees and shrubs make good choices. You can grow backyard orchard favorites like:

• Apple
• Pear
• Apricot
• Fig
• Cherry
• Citrus trees
• Nut trees

Other Zone 8 Edible Plants

If you want something different, branch out with persimmons, pineapple guava, or pomegranates. Almost all herbs are happy in Zone 8. Try planting:

• Chives
• Sorrel
• Thyme
• Marjoram
• Oregano
• Rosemary
• Sage

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By: Donna Evans Marigolds have been a garden staple for decades. If you need a shorter variety, French marigolds (Tagetes patula) are not as upright as the African types (Tagetes erecta) and are very aromatic. They will brighten up any garden with their bright yellow, orange, and red shades. Read on to learn more about the planting and care of French marigolds.

How to Plant French Marigolds

French marigolds can be easily grown from seed or purchased as bedding plants. As with most bedding plants, there are a few factors to take into consideration when you are thinking of how to plant French marigolds. These plants require full sun and well-drained soil. They also thrive in pots, and a pot of marigolds here and there will add a splash of color to your landscape. These marigolds should be planted deeper than their bedding container. They should also be planted about 6 to 9 inches (15-23 cm.) apart. After planting, water thoroughly.

Planting French Marigold Seeds

This is a great plant to start from seed. Planting French marigold seeds can be done by starting them in the house before four to six weeks before winter has passed or by direct seeding once all danger of frost has passed. If you are planting French marigold seeds indoors, they need a warm area. Seeds need a temperature of 70 to 75 degrees F. (21-23 C.) to germinate. Once the seeds are planted, it takes 7 to 14 days for the plant to pop up.

French Marigold Facts and Care

Looking for facts about French marigolds? These plants are small, bushy annuals with flowers up to 2 inches (5 cm.) across. They come in a myriad of colors, from yellow to orange to mahogany red. Heights range from 6 to 18 inches (15-46 cm.). These delightful flowers will bloom from early spring to frost. While growing French marigolds is easy enough, the care of French marigolds is even simpler. Once established, these flowers need little care other than watering when it's quite warm or dry-- though container grown plants require more watering. Deadheading the spent blooms will also keep the plants tidier and encourage more flowering. French marigolds have very few pest or disease problems. In addition, these plants are deer resistant, will not take over your garden and make wonderful cut flowers.

It's often difficult to choose the right plant for a dry, hot and windy landscape. Even extra effort from the gardener sometimes can't make plants grow in this situation. If your landscape has such conditions, try growing tough and pretty desert marigold plants. Desert marigold information says these showy, solitary flowers thrive in these difficult conditions.

Desert Marigold Information

Botanically called Baileya multiradiata, desert marigold flower is also called paper daisy, as mature blooms have a papery texture. They are also sometimes known as desert Baileya. Desert marigold plants may reach a foot in height with big, yellow flowers that produce lots of seeds. Some of the clumping, daisy-like mounds of flowers are shorter. The plant is an herbaceous, short-lived perennial, returning again next year. Blooms begin in spring and may continue through summer. Caring for desert marigold is simple as this specimen is basically carefree.

How to Grow Desert Marigolds

Get started growing the desert marigold flower by planting seeds in a sunny area. Desert marigold plants are not picky about soil types, but they do need good drainage. Furry, silvery foliage will soon appear, followed by blooms of the desert marigold flower. While it's not necessary to water regularly, an occasional drink makes flowers grow quickly and results in a bigger bloom. Caring for desert marigold is this easy. Use desert marigold plants as part of a wildflower garden in hot, dry areas. Once planted, the desert marigold flower drops seeds for multiple plants to grow from later on. If reseeding is not desirable for your landscape, remove spent blooms before the seeds drop. This deadheading also encourages more flowers to bloom. Now that you've learned how to grow desert marigolds, get some planted in the desert landscape where other plants are hard to grow. Information about desert marigolds say they're native to Mexico and grow well in most western areas of the United States. Plants may be damaged when temperatures reach below freezing, so protection in these situations may be necessary.

If you love the flowers and fragrance of marigolds, include edible marigolds to perform double-duty in the garden. Growing signet marigolds adds color, a tantalizing scent, and produces lots of flowers you can eat.

About Signet Marigold

Tagetes tenuifolia edible marigolds are native to North America. With the right signet marigold care, you can have blooms in the garden until autumn. When growing signet marigolds, you may choose from yellow, orange, golden, or bi-colored flowers. Hybrid types include the Gem series:

• 'Tangerine Gem'
• 'Lemon Gem'
• 'Orange Gem'
• 'Red Gem'

An old-fashioned variety called 'Paprika' has maroon flowers with yellow edges. The fragrance of marigold signet flowers is more like citrus than the skunky scent of the American marigold. Petals of the flowers sometimes have a citrus taste and make a good addition or garnish for fruit salads. The blossom flavor is also described as sometimes spicy, sometimes bland. Foliage of edible marigolds is fine cut, lacy, and almost fern-like. The plant reaches around 12 inches (31 cm.) in height and blooms profusely from midsummer through fall in many areas.

Signet Marigold Care

Try growing signet marigolds in the herb garden or along with other edibles in the veggie garden. Edible marigolds like the same conditions as other edible plants, a fertile well-drained soil and a full sun location. Signet marigold care is not complicated. Water during dry seasons and remove spent blooms to encourage continued blossoms of edible marigolds. Remove them in full bloom for culinary use. When learning about signet marigold care, you'll find the plant is a repellent to many bad bugs that can damage vegetables, so it is a welcome addition. Marigold signet flowers also help keep mosquitoes away. Now that you've learned about signet marigold-- its pleasing fragrance and culinary uses-- try growing edible marigolds in your garden. You'll enjoy this pleasant and easy to grow addition to the garden.

Gardeners living in mountainous areas of the upper southeast and lower Midwestern states may notice perky, yellow buttercup-like blossoms springing up from April to June in moist woodlands and boggy areas. Likely you are seeing marsh marigolds, which may lead you to ask, exactly what are marsh marigolds?

What are Marsh Marigolds?

Not related to traditional garden marigolds, the answer is Caltha cowslip, or in botanical terms, Caltha palustris, a member of the Ranunculaceae family.

These are herbaceous perennial wildflowers or herbs, but not in the traditional sense. The leaves and buds of growing marsh marigold plants are poisonous unless they are cooked with several coverings of water. Legends say they add the yellow color to butter, as they are a favorite of grazing cows.

Caltha cowslip is a 1 to 2 foot (31-61 cm.) perennial with a mounding habit and is a succulent. The flower color of growing marsh marigold plants is on its sepals, as the plant has no petals. Sepals are borne on waxy and attractive green foliage, which may be heart-shaped, kidney-shaped, or rounded.

A smaller species, the floating marsh marigold (C. natans), grows in more northern areas and has sepals of white or pink. This species has a hollow stem which floats on water. These plants make great additions to the moist garden, and as a bonus Caltha cowslip attracts butterflies and hummingbirds.

How and Where to Grow Marsh Marigolds

Growing marsh marigold plants in moist woodlands and near ponds is simple and they need almost no care at all.

The Caltha cowslip basically takes care of itself and is suited only to moist areas with well-draining soil. In fact, any moist or boggy area is appropriate for growing marsh marigolds.

When you are growing marsh marigold plants, don't let the soil dry out. They will survive drought conditions but go dormant and lose their leaves.

Seeds for propagation of the Caltha cowslip form near the end of the bloom period. These can be collected and should be planted when ripe.

Enjoy these naturally growing, bright pops of color in your woodland or natural areas.

For many people, marigold flowers (Tagetes) are among the first flowers they remember growing. These easy-care, bright blooms are often used as Mother's Day gifts and growing projects at schools. Even now, you can be growing marigold flowers in your own garden. Let's look at how to grow marigolds.

Different Kinds of Marigold Flowers

Marigolds come in four different types. These are:

• African - These marigold flowers tend to be tall
• French - These tend to be dwarf varieties
• Triploid - These marigolds are a hybrid between African and French and are multi-colored
• Single - Have long stems and look like daisies.

Some people also refer to Calendulas as Pot Marigolds, but they are not related to the flowers most people know as marigolds.

How to Plant Marigold Seeds

While you can buy marigold plants at your local garden nursery, you can also grow your own marigold seeds into plants much more cheaply. In order for your marigolds to be ready for planting outdoors in the spring, you will need to start growing marigolds from seed indoors about 50 to 60 days before the last frost date. Start with a tray or pot filled with damp soilless potting mix. Sprinkle the marigold seeds over the potting mix. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of vermiculite. Cover the pot or tray with plastic wrap and place the tray in a warm spot. The top of the refrigerator works well. Marigold seeds do not need any light to germinate, so you don't need to provide light yet. The next step for growing marigolds from seed is to check the planted marigold seeds daily for germination. Typically, marigolds will take three to four days to germinate, but may take a few days longer if the location is cooler. Once the marigold seedlings appear, remove the plastic wrap and move the tray to a location where the seedlings will get at least five hours or more of light each day. The light can be from an artificial source. As the seedlings grow, keep the potting mix damp by watering from below. This will help to prevent damping off. Once the seedlings have two sets of true leaves, they can be transplanted to their own pots where they can grow indoors under light until after the last frost has passed.

How to Grow Marigolds

Marigolds are a very versatile flower. They enjoy full sun and hot days and grow well in dry or moist soil. This hardiness is one of the reasons that they are often used as bedding plants and container plants. Once marigold flowers are planted, they need very little in the way of care. If they are planted in the ground, you only need to water them if the weather has been very dry for more than two weeks. If they are in containers, water them daily as containers will dry out quickly. Water soluble fertilizer can be given to them once a month, but to be honest, they will do as well without fertilizer as they do with it. You can greatly increase the number of blooms and the blooming time length by deadheading spent blossoms. Dried, spent blossoms can also be kept in a cool, dry place and the seeds inside these flower heads can be used to grow next year's display of fiery orange, red and yellow marigold flowers.